Question

A drawback in using primary punishers and primary reinforcers in research would be that ________.



a. the experimenter must first make sure that the stimulus has acquired reinforcing properties

b. using primary punishers or taking away a primary reinforcer would not be ethical

c. they are more likely than other punishers and reinforcers to lead to superstitious behaviors

d. they are not as effective as secondary reinforcers in conditioning procedures

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