Question

Integrate (x^2 - 2x -1) / ( (x-1)^2 * (x^2 +1) ).

Answer 1

factor the top and see what happens

Answer 2

ok, let me try that...

Answer 3

I dont think the top can be reduced any further

Answer 4

oh I read a plus... my mistake

Answer 5

Partial fraction not helping?

Answer 6

yeah, I was trying to avoid it
I completed the square on the top which let me split the integral into
1/(x^2+1)-2/[(x-1)^2(x^2+1)]
I suppose you could do partial fractions on the second part, but it will be annoying

Answer 7

I'm not sure how to begin splitting it for partial fractions. I'm wondering if I should write it as A/(x-1)^2 + B/(x^2 + 1) or A/(x-1) + B/(x-1) + C/(x^2 + 1).

Answer 8

ok

Answer 9

I am trying
A/(x-1) + B/(x-1)^2 + (Cx+D)/(x^2 + 1)
you need the x on top for the squared x in the denom

Answer 10

do you see how I split the integral up in the first place by completing the square on top?

Answer 11

yes

Answer 12

so then it's just this ugly PF thing...
I'm gonna collect terms and give it to wolf to solve I think

Answer 13

ok

Answer 14

I'll be right back in 6 minutes.

Answer 15

ok I got
A=1
B=-1
C=-1
D=0
so we should be able to do this now

Answer 16

ok

Answer 17

yes, that works, I checked it with wolf.
Want me to write out the whole thing or are you good?

Answer 18

If you could write it out, i'd really appreciate it.

Answer 19

ok, but I'm not going to show all the partial fractions stuff...
here we go:

Answer 20

i'm still getting use to PF, so if u can, that would be great.

Answer 21

but i understand the rest of what you wrote.

Answer 22

there are a few ways to do it, but here's the way I did it...

Answer 23

oh that was great everything I did just got erased. let's try that again...

Answer 24

\[\int\frac{x^2-2x-1}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}dx=\int\frac{(x-1)-2}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}dx\]\[=\int\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{-2}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}dx\]\[=\int\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{(x-1)^2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+1}dx\]just looking at the PF part:\[\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{(x-1)^2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+1}=\frac{-2}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}\]multiply out by the denominator on the RHS to get rid of the fractions we obtain\[A(x-1)(x^2+1)+B(x-1)^2+(Cx+D)(x-1)^2=-2\]distribute the parentheses:\[A(x^3-x^2+x-1)+B(x^2+1)+C(x^3-2x^2+x)+D(x^2-2x+1)\]collect all like terms:\[x^3(A+C)+x^2(-A+B-2C+D)+x(A+C-2D)+(-A+B+D)\]now because this all equals -2 we know that the all the terms with x must have a coefficient of 0, so this leads us to the system\[x^3:A+C=0\]\[x^2:-A+B-2C+D=0\]\[x:A+C-2D=0\]\[-A+B+D=-2\]we can solve this in many ways, but here I will just give it to wolfram: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=A%2BC%3D0%2C-A%2BB-2C%2BD%3D0%2CA%2BC-2D%3D0%2C-A%2BB%2BD%3D-2
so now we know that\[A=1,B=-1,C=-1,D=0\]which leads to\[=\int\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{(x-1)^2}-\frac{x}{x^2+1}dx\]\[=\tan^{-1}x+\ln|x-1|+\frac{1}{x-1}+\frac{1}{2}\ln|x^2+1|+C\]

Answer 25

whew! that took a while.
I bet there is a faster way to solve the system. For instance letting x=1 in the formula on the 5th line leads directly to\[2B=-2\to B=-1\]from which we can probably solve the system through substitution, but that was giving me a headache so I gave up.
Better to use techniques from linear algebra like Gaussian elimination, or Cramer's rule, but you may not know those techniques yet.

Answer 26

ok :). Thank you so much!

Answer 27

welcome :)

Answer 28

\[\int\frac{x^2-2x-1}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}dx=\int\frac{(x-1)-2}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}dx\]\[=\int\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{-2}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}dx\]\[=\int\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{(x-1)^2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+1}dx\]just looking at the PF part:\[\frac{A}{x-1}+\frac{B}{(x-1)^2}+\frac{Cx+D}{x^2+1}=\frac{-2}{(x-1)^2(x^2+1)}\]multiply out by the denominator on the RHS to get rid of the fractions we obtain\[A(x-1)(x^2+1)+B(x^2+1)+(Cx+D)(x-1)^2=-2\]distribute the parentheses:\[A(x^3-x^2+x-1)+B(x^2+1)+C(x^3-2x^2+x)+D(x^2-2x+1)\]collect all like terms:\[x^3(A+C)+x^2(-A+B-2C+D)+x(A+C-2D)+(-A+B+D)\]now because this all equals -2 we know that the all the terms with x must have a coefficient of 0, so this leads us to the system\[x^3:A+C=0\]\[x^2:-A+B-2C+D=0\]\[x:A+C-2D=0\]\[-A+B+D=-2\]we can solve this in many ways, but here I will just give it to wolfram: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=A%2BC%3D0%2C-A%2BB-2C%2BD%3D0%2CA%2BC-2D%3D0%2C-A%2BB%2BD%3D-2
so now we know that\[A=1,B=-1,C=-1,D=0\]which leads to\[=\int\frac{1}{x^2+1}+\frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{(x-1)^2}-\frac{x}{x^2+1}dx\]\[=\tan^{-1}x+\ln|x-1|+\frac{1}{x-1}+\frac{1}{2}\ln|x^2+1|+C\]
(there was a small typo above the last time, so I fixed it so as not to confuse you.)