Question

After defeating the Spanish Armada, my country settled along the eastern coast and claimed all territory from Newfoundland to Florida for our king.

Answer 1

The country you're looking for is England and much of the territory claimed would become better known as the Thirteen Colonies.

Even with the defeat of the Armada, however, Spain continued to be a strong power to be reckoned with across the Atlantic and within the Mediterranean. Their dreams of squashing a rival in England were crushed, but they were far from being out of the game.