Question

identify each transformation for f(x)=x^2
a.) f(x)=4x^2
b.) f(x)=(4x)^2
c.) f(x)=(x-4)^2
d.) f(x)= x^2 -4
e.) f(x)= -x^2
how do you know if it is a vertical stretch, vertical compression, or translation and horizontal compression and horizontal shift?