Question

what does the judicial branch do?

Answer 1

The primary responsibility of the judicial branch is to interpret and apply the laws, and ensure their constitutionality.

The three branches of government share responsibility for the legal system. The Legislative branch (Congress) creates law; the Judicial branch determines their constitutionality and resolves disputes; and the Executive branch enforces the laws.

The Judicial Branch consists only of the courts Congress established under Article III of the Constitution:

US District Courts
US Court of International Trade
US Court of Appeals District Courts
Supreme Court of the United States


There are other courts in the federal court system, but most of them belong to the Legislative Branch of government, and are called Article I courts or tribunals.

Examples of Article I tribunals include US Tax Court, US Bankruptcy Court, the US Court of Claims, administrative law boards, and Military Courts. The Article III appellate courts sometimes review cases from Article I courts.

Both Article I and Article III Federal courts mediate disputes between two or more parties using the Constitution, federal law, and previously decided cases (called "precedents") to determine the appropriate solution.

The US District Courts have original (trial) jurisdiction for most federal criminal and civil cases. A judge or jury listens to testimony, examines evidence, and attempts to determine whether the prosecution (in a criminal trial) or plaintiff (in a civil trial) has met their burden of proof.

US Bankruptcy Courts, Court of International Trade, and US Court of Claims have original jurisdiction over special subject matter that can't be heard in US District Court.

The twelve regional US Courts of Appeals Circuit Courts, sometimes called "intermediate appellate courts," hear appeals of cases from US District Courts as well as decisions of certain federal agencies within their geographic territory. The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the thirteenth Circuit Court) has nationwide jurisdiction over certain specialized cases related to patent or copyright laws, as well as appeals from the Court of International Trade and the US Court of Claims.

The Supreme Court of the United States is head of the Judicial Branch, and the highest appellate court in the nation. They review a limited number of appeals from both state and federal courts each year, choosing only federal question cases they consider to be of national or constitutional importance.

Answer 2

administer state laws

Answer 3

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