Question

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In what sense is the passage a challenge to medieval views and methods?
1 :Galileo used mathematics to understand the universe, but scholars of the Middle Ages believed that knowledge came from God.
2: Galileo used books for understanding, while scholars of the Middle Ages considered the use of books for knowledge to be dangerous.
3: Scholars of the Middle Ages said that one could not understand the universe, while Galileo said that this understanding was possible.
4: Galileo saw science and philosophy as one and the same, while scholars of the Middle Ages saw them as two different things.

Answer 1

Well, for the first one, medieval views suggested that knowledge of the universe came only from God; Galileo used mathematics to gain knowledge on the universe, which challenged the old views/methods which were believed to be 'completely reliable' back then, but later proved wrong.

Answer 2

Thank you @wmckinely !! Would you being willing to help me with a few more?