Question

Which of the following effects of the decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire was not a factor leading to the Italian Renaissance?

The fall of Constantinople to the Turks severed land-based trade routes between Europe and Asia.

The fall of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of the feudal system and the rise of two new social classes.

The Ottoman Empire stabilized trade in the Mediterranean by eliminating the threat of piracy.

The loss of control over parts of the Italian peninsula allowed independent city-states to prosper.