Question

The investiture struggle in the Holy Roman Empire __________.?

a) led to the calling of the Crusades
b) weakened the power of its emperors
c) unified the empire under a strong ruler
d) caused the Protestant Reformation

Answer 1

The investiture struggle occurred in Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries. The controversy arose when Roman Popes challenged the authority of European governments that exerted their authority to govern church appointments. The conflict between the Church and European governments actually led to five decades of fighting. [ask.com]

Answer 2

so, i think D

Answer 3

"The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church.

Answer 4

http://www.theopedia.com/Protestant_Reformation