What most fundamentally aided the spread of Enlightenment ideas from Europe to America?

a; the high literacy rate in American colonies
b; the availability of newspapers in American colonies
c; the intellectual societies established in Philadelphia
d; the arrival of more European immigrants to the American colonies
e;the propaganda by American intellectuals such as Benjamin Franklin

Question

What most fundamentally aided the spread of Enlightenment ideas from Europe to America?

a; the high literacy rate in American colonies
b; the availability of newspapers in American colonies
c; the intellectual societies established in Philadelphia
d; the arrival of more European immigrants to the American colonies
e;the propaganda by American intellectuals such as Benjamin Franklin