Question

Each of the following was a cause of urbanization in medieval Europe except.
A) feudal lords and knights provided increased security
B) an increase in trade as a result of the Crusades
C) the growth of the merchant class and guilds
D) growing threats from northern invaders

Answer 1

I believe it'd be D) growing threats from Northern Invaders.

http://www.reading.ac.uk/economic-history/ceh-research-medieval-urbanization.aspx

Answer 2

I agree with Ashley. D

Answer 3

Thank you!