What are some important beliefs of the Islam religion?
The belief in one god . The belief in all prophets (mentioned or not) that bought the message of a higher power to each nation. The belief that Muhammed is the last (e.g seal) of prophets. Muslims have to fast and pay zakaat (charity) depending on their income and take a pilgrimage if they can to Mecca.
And for every nation is a messenger. So when their messenger comes, it will be judged between them in justice, and they will not be wronged. (Yoonus 10:47) And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], "Worship Allah and avoid false dieties." And among them were those whom Allah guided, and among them were those upon whom error was [deservedly] decreed. So proceed through the earth and observe how was the end of the deniers. (An-Nahl 16:36)
http://qssna.org/articles/Selected%20Verses%20from%20the%20Quran.pdf Basically all the principles can be picked out of that booklet
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