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OpenStudy (anonymous):

Which best describes the role of the papacy in the Middle Ages? a. mobilized and defended Christian kings against pagan aggressors b. supported secular rulers by conducting church rituals in the vernacular c. strengthened the Christian church by aligning policies with secular kings d. claimed supreme ecclesiastical and political authority over Europe

OpenStudy (anonymous):

b. supported secular rulers by conducting church rituals in the vernacular:)

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