Question

What is Grammar TUTORIAL!!!


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Answer 1

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Grammar as a science is a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of the language, the laws of building the right of meaningful speech segments in the language (word forms, Syntagma, proposals, texts). These patterns of grammar is formulated as a general grammatical rules.
System concepts and categories of modern grammar, until terminology (name the parts of speech, cases and so on. D.), Goes back to ancient linguistic tradition (the Greeks - Aristotle, the Stoics, the Alexandrian school; Romans - Varro (116-27 BC. E. ). Modern methods of grammar originate in the Indian linguistic tradition (in the works of Panini middle of the 1st millennium BC. e.). In the Middle Ages - one of the seven liberal arts. As both descriptive and normative, it includes the study of the classics and texts a certain understanding of the language; the language identified with Latin, appears as a potentially eternal form, directly related to the mechanism of thought. By the end of the XII century in the training used textbooks Late Donatus and Priscian, and only then appear first original grammar (Doctrinales Alexander of Villedieu and Grecismus Eberhard Betyunskogo).
Category words of a language, which is determined by morphological and syntactic features. In the languages ​​of the world primarily contrasted name (which can be divided further noun, adjective, and so on. N., But it is not universally) and the verb, in most languages ​​is generally accepted as the division into independent parts of speech and service.

1. noun: a landmark (independent) part of speech belonging to the category name and class notional tokens can serve the sentence in the function of the subject, the definition of complement [1], the circumstances and the nominal part of the predicate. In the Russian language - an independent part of speech, indicating the subject and answer the question "who?" Or "what?". One major lexical categories; proposals noun, usually acts as a subject or object, as well as the circumstances and the predicate.

2. Adjective: Independent part of speech, indicating the sign of the subject and answer the question "what", "what", "how", "what", "someone". In Russian adjectives vary by gender, case and number, may have a short form. The proposal adjective most often defined but may be a predicate.

3. Verb: Independent part of speech that denotes an action or state, and answers questions that do? what to do? what he did (and, u, v)?

4. adverb: Independent part of speech, unchangeable, indicating the sign of action, signs signs. In school teaching to say that the words of this class answers the question "how?", "Where?" "Where?" "Where?" "When?", "Why?", "For what purpose?" "to what extent?" and often refer to verbs and represent a sign of action. The process of formation of adverbs called adverbializatsiey.

5. The preposition: Utility part of speech, expressing syntactic dependence of nouns, pronouns, numerals from other words in phrases and sentences.

6. Union: Utility part of speech by which link together parts of a complex sentence or homogeneous parts of the sentence.

7. Interjection: Immutable words and phrases that are not part of speech, usually morphologically chlenimye and acting as a one-piece speech proposals that are essential for the expression of emotions (happiness, surprise, resentment, irritation, anger, pain, disgust, confusion, etc.). , sensations, mental states and other reactions, without naming them.


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1. The subject: The main part of a sentence grammatically independent; denotes the object whose action is expressed predicate [3]. The subject calls it, who or what is said in the proposal, and answers the question "who?", "What?". When parsing proposal emphasizes one line. Subject and all the secondary parts of the sentence relating to the subject, form part of the subject. Most often, the subject is expressed nominative case noun.

2. Predicate: The main part of the sentence [4] associated with the subject and answered the question: "What makes the object (or person)?", "What happens to him?", "What is it?", "What is he?" "Who is he?" and so on. n. The predicate denotes an action or state of objects and persons who expressed the subject. Predicate often expressed by the verb, agreed with the subject, but often the predicate is expressed and other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, indivisible phrases). When parsing offers predicate highlights two features.

3. Update: minor sentence, the noun or pronoun noun. Addition represents an object or a person who is the object of the action specified predicate, and answers questions oblique cases ("what?", "Who?" "Who?" And so on. D.).

4. Circumstance: A minor part of the sentence, depending on the predicate and a sign indicating the action or indication of other features. Usually circumstances expressed in the forms of nouns or adverbs oblique cases, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed in verbal participle phrases.

5. Appendix: Determination of the noun, agreed with the defining word in the case, for example: Golden Cloud Slept on the breast-rock giant. Applications can denote different qualities of the object, point to the age, nationality, profession and other features. Stresses, as well as the definition, a wavy line. Proper name, when combined with common nouns may be an application if it does not name the person.



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1. The nominative case: One of the basic cases in languages ​​nominative; usually the case encodes the Agent, in terms of syntax is often the subject. In Indo-European languages, the nominative is also commonly used for the name of the predicate with the verb meaning "to be" (as well as, in many languages, "become", "appear", "believes", "born", "die" and so on. N .)

2. The genitive: One of the oblique cases, in the languages ​​of the world are usually expressed possessive relations (ie relations accessories), as well as having a number of other functions. This is different from the possessive case (posessiva), which expresses only an accessory. The term "genitive" goes back to the ancient Greek tradition, where with the help of his father's name mentioned (parent): "such and such, (son of) such and such." Genitive in Slavic and Baltic languages ​​emerged from the merger of the Indo-European and Indo-European genitive ablative and stores as the end, and the functions of the latter, using a value of the reference point movement with prepositions from, from, p.

3. Dative: One of the oblique cases, in the languages ​​of the world are usually expressed any act aimed at the subject (allative) and its derivatives (eg, transmission of direct to indirect object, hence the name of case, "action in favor of someone something "- the so-called dativus ethicus). Dative often expresses the subject of perception of the situation, the so-called eksperientser: Russian "I dream", "I like", Middle English me thinks, me likes. Many Northeast Caucasian languages ​​use of the dative with verbs of perception quite consistently. In some languages ​​is also important locative case with the appropriate prepositions (as in German: 'im Deutschen).

4. The accusative: cases, which is in the languages ​​of nominative-akkuzativnogo system designated object of the action (direct object): Russ. Read the book-y, Lat. libr-um lego. In languages ​​ergative system accusative not, and in the function of the object appears absolute (in another interpretation - nominative case). Title case in Russian and many other languages ​​is a translation from the Latin accusativus, in turn, is a copy of a Greek name.

5. Instrumental: Mortality, which in a number of languages ​​is denoted by an instrument, a tool that affects the Agent to other objects or produce a certain effect. Sometimes ablative can express the role of agent in passive constructions. Word in the instrumental case answers the question who / what ?.

6. Prepositional case: Mortality in Russian and some other Slavic languages, answers the questions: "Whom? About what? In whom? In what? On whom? On what? With whom? At what? ". Russian by birth prepositional goes back to the Indo-European local cases (locative) and retains its value with the preposition "in", "to", "when". In this case the old Russian language could be used without a preposition: Kievѣ "Kiev", which demonstiruet its original meaning as a local case; excuse about originally means "around".


The central part of the grammar in this sense are traditionally doctrine of parts of speech and grammatical categories, as well as the doctrine of common rules for combining words in a two longest Unity (phrases, sentences) and the structure of these unities of speech - syntax.
Grammar synthetic languages ​​include morphemics as the science of rules for constructing words from morphemes and syntax as the science of rules for constructing sentences out of words, as well as an intermediate between morphology and syntax scope morphosyntax, studied the behavior of Clitic, function words, the components of analytical forms.
Semantics, lexicology and phonetics, as a rule, are not included in the grammar (and contrasted it). However, some of the concepts of grammar implies expanding its sphere - grammar "absorbs" the relevant subject areas of scientific disciplines. In it are included grammatical semantics, morphophonology (including segment morphonology, accentuation and intonologiyu, ie the science of intonation) and word formation (the science of word formation), lying on the edge of grammar and, accordingly, semantics, phonetics and lexicology.
However, understood more narrowly, grammar is closely related to lexicology (as exploring grammatical properties of words, see. Grammar dictionaries), as well as such a branch of linguistics.

Answer 2

really...

Answer 3

Awesome! @AlexandervonHumboldt2

Answer 4

thx