Which modernist idea does this excerpt from James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man most closely reflect?

Question

anonymous · Answer

"I will tell you what I will do and what I will not do. I will not serve that in which I no longer believe, whether it calls itself my home, my fatherland, or my church: and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for my defense the only arms I allow myself to use—silence, exile, and cunning."

anonymous · Answer

a-the rebellion against traditional values
b-the lack of hope in the future of humanity
c-the futility of armed conflict
d-the difficulty of finding meaning in the modern world