Glucose is pumped into some animal cells by a symporter powered by the simultaneous entry of Na+. The entry of Na+ provides a free-energy input of 10.8kJ/mol under typical cellular conditions (extracellular [Na+] =143mM, internal [Na+] =14mM, and membrane potential = 50mV). How large a concentration of glucose can be generated by this free-energy input ( what is the ratio of glucose in / ratio of glucose out)?

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