Question

How did the religion of the ancient Israelites differ from the religion of ancient Mesopotamians?

Answer 1

Many ancient religons had a system of various gods. Historians date Judaism from Abraham, who belived in one god. That's called monotheism.
Abraham also belived in a god that was not tied to the government. There was no nation of Israel or any kingdom tied to it at the time. Later Hebrews established a kingdom around Jerusalem and claimed their king was chosen by god just like all the other kingdoms. That lasted awhile then it split into two kingdoms. Then they were taken over by Babylon.

Answer 2

^^