Question

MCAT Organic Chemistry Tutorial: Functional Groups

Answer 1

\({\bf{The~Hydrocarbons:}}\)
- alkanes: single bonds only, named with carbon # prefix + -ane
- alkenes: at least one double bond but no triple bonds, named with carbon # prefix + -ene
- alkynes: at least one triple bond, named with carbon # prefix + -yne

Answer 2

\({\bf{Carbonyl~vs.Carboxyl:}}\)

carbonyl: a carbon double bonded to an oxygen



carboxyl: a carbonyl group adjacent to an -OH hydroxyl group

Answer 3

\({\bf{Alcohol:}}\) contains -OH group which takes priority in naming. note: this is distinct from a carboxyl which must have the adjacent carbonyl group.



\({\bf{Amine~vs~Amide:}}\)

- amine: nitrogen bound to at least one other functional group
- amide: amine group adjacent to a carbonyl



\({\bf{Ether~vs~Ester:}}\)

- ether: oxygen atom bound to a functional group on either side
- ester: oxygen atom bound to a carbonyl group on one side and a functional group on the other

Answer 4

\({\bf{Epoxide:}}\) cyclic ether where the two atoms bound to the oxygen are also bound to each other



\({\bf{Nitrile:}}\) contains carbon atom triple bonded to nitrogen

Answer 5

\({\bf{Nitro:}}\) contains nitrogen double bonded to oxygen, single bonded to another oxygem, with the remaining bond w/ carbon. + charge on nitrogen. resonance stabilization between the multiple oxygen atoms.



\({\bf{Alkyl~Halide:}}\) hydrocarbon bonded to a halogen



\({\bf{Ketones~vs~Aldehydes:}}\)

- aldehyde: carbonyl adjacent to a functional group + hydrogen
- ketone: carbonyl adjacent to two functional groups besides hydrogen

Answer 6

\({\bf{Thiol~vs~Sulfide:}}\)

- thiol: -SH bound to carbon
- sulfide: sulfur bound to two adjacent functional groups

\({\bf{Carboxylic~Acid~and~Derivatives:}}\)

- carboxylic acid: hydroxyl adjacent to carbonyl (as stated before)
- anhydride: two carbonyl groups bond to the same oxygen
- acid halide: carbonyl group bound to halogen

Answer 7

\({\bf{Aryl:}}\) ring-shaped structure
phenyl & benzyl

Answer 8

im probably missing a ton but im hella tired and im gonna go to sleep