Question

Orgo II Tutorial: Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides

Answer 1

\({\bf{Synthetic~Methods:}}\)
three main methods:

1. react carboxylic acid with acyl chloride, with pyridine (deprotonates the carboxylic acid which makes it more nucleophilic)
2. react sodium carboxylic acid salt with acyl chloride
3. heat a cyclic dicarboxylic acid (only works if the product would be a 5 or 6 membered ring)

Answer 2

\({\bf{Reactions:}}\)

1. react with alcohols to make esters
2. react with amines to make amides
3. hydrolysis with water/base

Answer 3

Anyway, that's the end of my tutorial, I hope it was a helpful resource. Source material is Organic Chemistry 12th edition by Solomons, et. al.