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French Tutorial: Relative Pronouns

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brief grammar review: a relative pronoun (in English, who/that/which/what/whom/whose/where) starts a dependent clause and links it to the independent clause. \({\bf{qui:}}\) (who/that/which) is used as the subject of a relative clause (meaning that it also takes a verb within the clause) examples: - Je méprise les gens qui se plaignent des avertissements. (I despise people who whine about warnings. notice how "qui" takes the verb "plaignent") - Les modérateurs sont blâmés pour des choses qui ne sont pas de leur faute. (The moderators get blamed for things that are not their fault.) - Les réponses directes sont des réponses qui ne sont pas expliquées correctement. (Direct answers are answers that are not explained properly.)

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\({\bf{que:}}\) (who/whom, that, which) is used as the direct object of a relative clause, meaning that que follows an action verb. examples: Beaucoup d'enfants que je vois sur QC sont indisciplinés. (Many children whom I see on QC are undisciplined.) Les réponses que je vois sont souvent plagiées. (The answers that I see are often plagiarized.) Les commentaires, qui sont laissés sur mes tutoriels, sont rarement pertinents. (The comments which are left on my tutorials are rarely relevant.)

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\({\bf{où:}}\) is used as the subject of relative clauses relating to time/place. (in/on, when, which, where) examples: - QC est un site Web où les gens peuvent apprendre. (QC is a website where people can learn.) - QC est plus silencieux où l'école se termine. (QC is quieter when school ends.)

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\({\bf{lequel:}}\) (which, or sometimes whom) is used as the object of a preposition. examples: - C'est la méthode avec laquelle je me défoule. (This is the method with which I vent/let off steam.) - Les utilisateurs auxquels je parle sont des gens décents. (The users to whom I talk are decent people.)

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\({\bf{dont:}}\) (of whom, or which, whose) is used to replace constructions with de + (its object), such as adjective or verb + de constructions. examples: - J'évite de beaucoup utilisateurs (I avoid many users.) ---> replace "J'évite de" w/ "dont" and re-write the sentence --> Il y a beaucoup d'utilisateurs dont j'evite. (There are many users I avoid.) - Je méprise l'attitude de nombreux utilisateurs. (I despise the attitude of many users.) --> replace "de nombreux..." with "dont" and re-write the sentence ---> de beaucoup utilisateurs ont attitudes dont je méprise. (Many users have attitudes of which I despise.)

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\({\bf{ce~qui/ce~que/ce~dont:}}\) all mean what, but are used in different grammatical constructions. ce qui: subject ce que: direct object ce dont: de expressions (verb + de, adjective de, etc.) examples: - La plupart des gens ne comprennent pas ce qu'ils copient-collent depuis Internet. (Most people do not understand what they copy-paste from the internet.) - Je ne sais pas ce que les gens ici font toute la journée à l'école. (I don't know what people on here do all day in school.) - Ce dont le gens doivent faire, c'est étudier. (What people need to do, is study.) each of these three relative pronoun expressions have a corresponding interrogative pronoun expression. Qu'est-ce qui...? ---> ce qui Qu'est ce que/qu'...? ---> ce que De quoi...? --> ce dont examples: - Qu'est-ce qui empêche ces gens d'être décents? (What is stopping these people from being decent people?) > Je ne sais pas ce qui empêche ces gens d'être décents. (I don't know what is stopping these people from being decent people.) - Qu'est-ce que nous pouvons à propos de ça? (What can we do about that?) > Je me demande ce que nous pouvons à propos de ça. (I wonder what we can do about that.) - De quoi ont-ils peur? (What are they afraid of?) > Ce dont ils ont peur s'amélioreret de l'introspection. (They are afraid of self-improvement and introspection.)

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\({\bf{References:}}\) Rochester, Myrna B. Easy French Step-by-Step, United States, McGraw-Hill Education, 2009, 173-181. https://francais.lingolia.com/en/grammar/conjugator for verb conjugations CollinsDictionary for French and English translations Forvo (https://forvo.com/), a French pronunciation database with samples from native French speakers

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