Question

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Answer 1

"The leading techniques “try to absorb a lot of the ground motion energy so the building doesn’t have to,” says James Malley, senior principal at Degenkolb Engineers in San Francisco. That often means inserting heavy-duty fixtures between the building and its foundation, such as base isolators that act as rubber mats, viscous fluid dampers that operate like shock absorbers, or slide bearings that allow the building to sway instead of snap. Much of the hardware is adapted from military gear for hardening missile silos, ship decks and submarines against bombs and missiles, and it is being rolled out by contractors looking for civilian work, notes Douglas P. Taylor, CEO of Taylor Devices in North Tonawanda, N.Y.

A few researchers are examining novel technologies, such as actuators that would pull on tendonlike beams to counteract ground motion or electrorheological fluids in a foundation that would turn from liquid to gel to filter out shock waves. In the meantime, installations at new sites and retrofits to old ones are booming. Even in California, most buildings are not yet outfitted."

Answer 2

Thank you :).

Answer 3

np. ^-^

Answer 4

(^_^).