Question

How to calculate the check digit of 978052117063

Answer 1

What is a check digit?

Answer 2

heard of something like this , is it about error detection in data transmission ?

Answer 3

It depends on what the number represents and the algorithm being used. Differing methods are used depending on the application. For example, credit cards use a single digit on the end of the number. It is not always the last digit, it could be the last two, it could even be the leading digit ... it really depends on the application.
The most commonly known algorithm is the Luhn method. It is the one used for credit card numbers amongst others. The number you gave actually conforms to Luhn ... but that may be a coincidence.

To answer your question would require more information on what the number is.