$\Huge\sf Plant~Tissues$

Question

deepika.comet · Answer

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deepika.comet · Answer

$\Huge\color{green}{What~is~a~Tissue?}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{A~tissue~is~an~ensemble~of~similar~cells}$
$\large\color{blue}{and~from~the~same~origin,~that~together}$
$\large\color{blue}{carry~out~a~specific~function.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{These~are~called~tissues~because~of~their}$
$\large\color{blue}{identical~functioning.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Organs~are~then~formed~by~the~functional}$
$\large\color{blue}{grouping~together~of~multiple~tissues.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\large\color{green}{Tissues}$$\rightarrow$$\large\color{violet}{Permanent~tissues}$
      $\downarrow$
$\large\color{violet}{Meristematic~tissues}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\large\color{violet}{Meristematic~tissues}$$\rightarrow$$\large\color{red}{Shoot~apex}$
$\downarrow$                                
$\large\color{red}{Root}$        
$\large\color{red}{apex}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\Large\color{violet}{Meristematic~tissues}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Meristematic~tissue~is~the~composition~of~the}$$\large\color{blue}{meristematic~cells.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~Meristematic~cells~are~usually~thin~walled}$$\large\color{blue}{living~cells~with~dense~cytoplasm~and~a~large~nucleus.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Meristems~are~called~the~group~of~young~cells}$$\large\color{blue}{that~have~capacity~to~divide~into~new~cells.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\Large\color{orange}{Kinds~of~Meristems}$

$\large\color{blue}{Kinds~of~meristems:}$

$\large\color{blue}{Apical~meristems~which~are~found~at~the~tip~ of~ stems~ and~ roots}$
         $\large\color{blue}{
-~ types~of~apical~meristems:~ 1.~ Shoot~ Apex,~ 2.Root~ Apex.}$ 

$\large\color{blue}{Lateral~meristems~–~cambium}$ 
         $\large\color{blue}{-~found~ along~ the~ sides~ of~ roots~and~ stems}$ 
	 $\large\color{blue}{-~ increase~ width~ or~ diameter~ of~ stems~and~ roots}$ 
	 $\large\color{blue}{-~ types:~ 1.~ vascular~ cambium~    2.~ cork~ cambium}$

$\large\color{blue}{Intercallary~ meristems~ – ~found~ at~ the~ bases~ of~ young}$
                                                            $\large\color{blue}		 {~ leaves~and~ internodes.}$
$\large\color{blue}{-~ responsible~ for~ further~ lengthening~ of~ stems~and~ leaves.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\large\color{violet}{Permanent~tissues}$$\rightarrow$$\large\color{red}{Simple~tissues}$
$\downarrow$                                $\downarrow$
$\large\color{red}{Complex}$        $\large\color{red}{Special}$
$\large\color{red}{tissues}$            $\large\color{red}{tissues}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\Large\color{violet}{Permanent~tissues}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{A~Permanent~Tissue~is~formed~ by~ the~ division}$ $\large\color{blue}{and~differentiation~ of~ meristematic~ cells.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ cells~ of~ these~ tissues~ have~ lost~ the~ power}$$\large\color{blue}{ of~ division~ permanently.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Permanent~Tissues~ can~ be~ classified~ into~ three~ types}$ $\large\color{blue}{–~(i)~ Simple,~ (ii)~ Complex,~ (iii)~ Special~ Tissues.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\huge\color{orange}{Simple~Tissue:}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{A~ group~ of~ similar~ cells~ that~ perform~ a}$ $\large\color{blue}{~ common~ function~ is~ called~ a ~Simple~ Tissue.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{It~ is~ of~ three~ different~ types,~ they~ are~:-}$
 	$\large\color{blue}{- Parenchyma}$
	$\large\color{blue}{- Collenchyma}$
	$\large\color{blue}{- Sclerenchyma}$

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{Parenchyma}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Parenchyma~ is~ the~ most~ basic~ type~ of~ cells.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ cells~ are~ usually~ isodiametric.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Parenchyma~ is~ seen~ in~ the~ complex~     tissues}$        $\large\color{blue}{ like~ Xylem~ and~ Phloem.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{There~ are~ five~ types~ of~ parenchyma.}$
$1.$$\large\color{blue}{Aerenchyma – large~ intercellular~ spaces}$
$2.$$\large\color{blue}{Chlorenchyma –presence~ of~ chlorophyll.}$
$3.$$\large\color{blue}{Prosenchyma ~–~elongated~ cell~ that~ give~ mechanical~ support}$
$4.$$\large\color{blue}{Storage~ Parenchyma~ –~stores~ food~ material}$
$5.$$\large\color{blue}{Water~ Storage~ Tissue~ –stores~ water~ (Succulents)}$

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{Collenchyma}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Collenchyma~ is~ the~ living~ Tissue~ which~ gives}$$\large\color{blue}{ tensile~ strength.}$ 
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{It~ is~ commonly~ found~ below ~the~ epidermis.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The ~cell~ walls~ are~ thick~ and ~lignified.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{There~ are~ three~ types~ of ~collenchyma}$
$1.$$\large\color{blue}{Lamellar~ collenchyma ~–~cell~arrangement~ is~ in}$$\large\color{blue}{ tangential~ rows}$
$2.$$\large\color{blue}{Lacunar~ Collenchyma ~–~Cells~ have~ large~ intercellular}$$\large\color{blue}{ spaces~ called~ ‘Lacuna’.}$
$3.$$\large\color{blue}{Angular~ Collenchyma~ –~wall ~deposition~ is~ at~ corners}$$\large\color{blue}{ of~ the~ cells.}$

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{Sclerenchyma}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Sclerenchyma~ is ~a~ dead ~tissue ~that~ gives}$$\large\color{blue}{mechanical~ support.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ cell ~wall ~is~ made ~of ~cellulose ~and ~lignin.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ are~ of ~two ~types:}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Fibres~ –~elongated~cell~ with ~tappering ~ends.}$
$\large\color{blue}{	(i) ~Xylary~ fibres ~– ~present ~in~ xylem}$
$\large\color{blue}{(ii)~ Extra ~xylary ~fibres ~–~present ~other~ than ~xylem}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Sclereids ~–~short~ and~ are~ irregular ~in~ shapes.}$
	$\large\color{blue}{Ex:~ astro~ sclerieds, ~osteo ~sclereids~ etc.}$

$\LARGE\color{violet}{Functions~of~Simple~Tissues}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Parenchyma ~plays ~a ~vital ~role ~in ~Photosynthesis,}$ $\large\color{blue}{Respiration, ~Storage ~and ~Secretion.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Parenchyma~ gives ~turgidity~ to~ the~ young ~plants.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Collenchyma ~gives~ flexibility ~an~ elasticity}$$\large\color{blue}{~to ~the~ plant.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Sclerenchyma~ protects ~the~ plant ~from}$$\large\color{blue}{ stretching,~ bending,~ weight,~ pressure.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\LARGE\color{Orange}{Complex~tissues}$

$\large\color{blue}{Tissues ~with~ different~ kinds~ of~ cells~ perform}$ $\large\color{blue}{similar~ function.}$
$\large\color{blue}{They~ are~ mainly~ helpful~in~conduction.}$
$\large\color{blue}{There~ are~ two~ main~ types:}$
$\large\color{blue}{(i)~Xylem }$
$\large\color{blue}{(ii)~Phloem}$

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{Xylem}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Xylem~ in~ the~ water~ conducting~ tissue}$ $\large\color{blue}{and ~also~ provides~ mechanical~ support.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{It~ originates~ from ~two~ sources~ like~ procambium}$$\large\color{blue}{ and~ the ~vascular~ cambium.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ first~ formed~ cells~ are~ called~ protoxylem~ an}$$\large\color{blue}{the~ latter~ are~ called~ metaxylem~ elements.}$

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{Structure~of~Xylem}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{It~ is~ composed~ of ~three~ types~ of ~cells.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Tracheary~ elements~ –~There~ are ~dead ~cells,~ conduct~ water.}$
      $\large\color{blue}{(i)~ Tracheids:~ elongated~ with~ tappering~ ends.}$
      $\large\color{blue}{(ii)~ Vessel~ elements:~ wide~ and ~cylindrical~ structures.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Vessel~ Elements~ –~They ~are~ wide ~and ~cylindrical.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Xylem~ Fibres~ –~They~ are~ dead~ with~ thick~ lignified~ walls.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Xylem ~Parenchyma~ –~normal ~parenchyma ~cells.}$
 $\large\color{blue}{(i)~ Axial~ Parenchyma~ –~ develops ~from ~fusiform~ cells.}$
$\large\color{blue}{	(ii)~ Ray ~Parenchyma~ –~develops~ from ~ray ~initials.}$

$\LARGE\color{Maroon}{Phloem}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Phloem ~conducts ~water,~ minerals ~and ~gives}$$\large\color{blue}{mechanical ~support.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{It ~originates ~from ~two ~sources ~like}$$\large\color{blue}{ procambium ~and~ vascular~ cambium.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ first~ formed ~cells ~are ~called}$$\large\color{blue}{ protophloem~ and ~latter~ are ~metaphloem.}$

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{Sturcture~of~Phloem}$

$\large\color{blue}{It~ is~ composed ~of~ four~ types ~of ~cells.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Sieve~ Elements ~–~ they~ are~ living ~with~ sieve ~areas.}$
      $\large\color{blue}{(i)~ Sieve ~cells ~– ~With ~unspecialized~ sieve~ areas.}$
      $\large\color{blue}{(ii) ~Sieve ~tube ~–~With ~Specialized ~Sieve~ areas.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Companion ~cells~ –~elongated ~cells ~which ~support ~sieve~ tubes.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Phloem~ Fibres ~–~dead ~cells~ with ~tappering ~ends.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Phloem ~Parenchyma~ –~Living~ and ~thin~ walled~ cells~ similar~ to~ parenchyma}$
$\large\color{blue}{	(i)~ Axial ~Parenchyma ~–~ develops ~from~ fusiform ~cells}$
	$\large\color{blue}{(ii) ~Ray ~Parenchyma ~–~develops ~from ~ray ~initials.}$

$\LARGE\color{Maroon}{Functions~of ~complex~tissues}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~xylem~transports~the~water~from }$$\large\color{blue}{one~part~of~the~cell~to~the~other~cell}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~Phloem~transports~the~minerals~from}$$\large\color{blue}{ ~one~part~of~the~cell~to~the~other~cell}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\LARGE\color{Orange}{Special~Tissues~or~Secretory~Tissues}$

$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ cells~ or~ tissues~ that~ are~ concerned}$$\large\color{blue}{with ~secretion~ or ~excretion~ from~ the~ plant~ body.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ are~ located~ in ~different ~parts~of ~the ~plant}$$\large\color{blue}{body~ and~ are~ widely~ distributed.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Many~ plant~ secretions~ are ~of~ high}$$\large\color{blue}{considerable~economic~ importance.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ include~ rubber,~ gums,~ oils,}$$\large\color{blue}{resins~ and ~mucilage.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\LARGE\color{Violet}{Types~of~Special~tissues :}$

$\large\color{Maroon}{1.~Digestive~Glands}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ are~ found~ in~ insectivore~ plants}$ $\large\color{blue}{and ~secrete~ proteolytic~ enzymes.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Ex:-~ Nepenthes ~– ~digestive~ glands~ are}$$\large\color{blue}{spherical,~ multicellular.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\Large\color{Maroon}{2.~Nectar~Glands}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{Blue}{They~ are~ called~ as~ nectaries.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{Blue}{They~ secrete~ sugary~ substance~called~ nectar~}$$\large\color{Blue}{  which~ attracts~ insects}$$\large\color{Blue}{ and~ promote~ pollination.}$
	$\large\color{Blue}{(i) ~Floral ~Nectaries~ –~ In~ floral~ regions}$
	$\large\color{Blue}{(ii) ~Extra~ floral~ Nectaries~ –~Other~ than ~floral~ regions.}$
$\large\color{Blue}{Ex:-~ Dianthus}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\Large\color{maroon}{3.Osmophores}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ are~ special~ glands~ which~ produce}$$\large\color{blue}{ volatile~ essential~ oils ~and ~impart~ fragrance~ to~ flowers.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ osmophors~ vary~ in~ structure~ for ~different}$$\large\color{blue}{species~ i.e.~ flaps,~ cilia,~ brush ~etc.}$ 
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ promote~ Cross~ Pollination.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Ex:-~ Orchids}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{4.~Secretory~cavities}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{The~ secretions~ released~ are~ stored~ in}$ $\large\color{blue}{the~ spaces~ within~ the~ gland.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{These~ are ~formed~ by~ the~ breakdown~ of~ secretory~ cells.}$
	$\large\color{blue}{(i)~ Lysigenous ~cavities~ –formed~ by~ the~ death~ of}$ $\large\color{blue}{the~ secretory~ cells.}$
	$\large\color{blue}{(ii)~ Schizogenous~ cavities~ –formed~ by~ the~ enlargement}$$\large\color{blue}{of~ intercellular~ space~ between~ secretory~ cells.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Ex:-~ Eucalyptus.}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{5.~Hydathodes}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Hydathodes ~are ~also~ called~ as ~water~ stomata.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{They~ become ~active ~when~ root ~pressure}$ $\large\color{blue}{increases ~due~to ~reduced~ transpiration.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Water~ is~ forced~ out~ of~ tracheids~ in~ the~ form~ of}$$\large\color{blue}{drops~ through~ water~ pores.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{This~ process~ is~ called~ guttation.}$
$\rightarrow$$\large\color{blue}{Ex:-~ Lycopersicon}$

deepika.comet · Answer

$\LARGE\color{maroon}{6.~Laticiferous~Tissues}$
$\large\color{blue}{Laticifers~ are~ specialize ~parenchyma ~cell ~which~ secrete ~a}$$\large\color{blue}{viscous~ fluid,~ known ~as~ latex.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Latex ~is ~mostly~ white~ in~ colour~ but}$$\large\color{blue}{sometime ~colour.}$ 
	  $\large\color{blue}{(i)~ Laticiferous~ cells:-~ They~ are~ isolated,}$$\large\color{blue}{elongated,~slender.}$
	$\large\color{blue}{(ii)~ Laticiferous~ Vessels:-~ They ~are ~formed~ by~ series}$$\large\color{blue}{ of~ cells~ whose~ wall~ break~ an~ form~  canals.}$
$\large\color{blue}{Ex:-~Preparation~ of ~rubber~ from~ (Ficus~ elastica)}$

deepika.comet · Answer

you can also open the .ppt file attached on the top which will help you in understanding the topic clearly ..!!!

Hope this tutorial was helpful..:) :)

abhisar · Answer

Brilliant work !

deepika.comet · Answer

thank you so much @Abhisar

paki · Answer

waooo nice work... really to be appreciated @deepika.comet

deepika.comet · Answer

thank you @paki

quickstudent · Answer

Wow, great work!

deepika.comet · Answer

thank you so much @quickstudent

bioepic · Answer

AMAZING WORK!!! I NEED TO LEARN LATEX!!

kaylaprincess · Answer

Wonderful thank you !!!!

kaylaprincess · Answer

very helpful

deepika.comet · Answer

@BioEpic @kaylaprincess

$\large\color{green}{Thankyou~so~much}$

bioepic · Answer

No problem!