Question

History of Engines Tutorial!

Answer 1

\(\huge\color{green}{\bigstar~Start~of~Tutorial!~\bigstar}\)

Answer 2

@perl @thesmartone

Answer 3

@bohotness

Answer 4

That's interesting. Thanks for making this post!

Answer 5

thx @inowalst

Answer 6

hope you don't mind if suggest you to change something
i think it would be much better if you write in bullet.points
or try to use some latex like headings type important words or dates in latex :-)

Answer 7

ok that will take time but i'll try

Answer 8

Good job. :)
If you need any help with latex, I can help you :)

Answer 9

Wow, nice idea posting tutorials for those in need of that information. GOOD JOB SIR!!!

Answer 10

awwwwwwwwwww lO_Oks great!!!! :-)

Answer 11

thx but there is some error

Answer 12

error ?

Answer 13

\(\Huge\color{red}{The~~engine}\) - a device that converts any type of energy into mechanical energy. Mostly they are called electric motors and internal combustion engines. The primary engines are fantail, uses the power of wind, water wheel and weight-lifting mechanism - their drives the force of gravity, heat engines - they are the chemical energy of fuels or nuclear energy is converted into other forms of energy. To secondary motors are electric, pneumatic and hydraulic motors. First became prime movers sail and waterwheel. Sailing have been using for more than 7000 years.
Waterwheel - noriyu widely used for irrigation in the \(\huge\color{yellow}{Ancient~~World}\): Egypt, China, and India. Water and wind wheels are widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages as the main power base of manufacturing. In the middle of the XVII century were made the first attempts to transition to machine production, require the creation of engines that do not depend on local sources of energy. The first engine, which use the thermal energy of chemical fuel, became paroatmosfernaya machine, made by the French physicist Denis Papin and English mechanics Thomas Savery. This machine has been deprived of the opportunity to serve directly driven to her "the included" water mill wheel, which rotates the water, squeeze the steam from the boiler to the tank water tower. The boiler is heated by steam, then cooled with water: the machine operated periodically.
In 1763, \(\huge\color{lime}{Russian~engineer~Ivan~Polzunov}\) produced on his own project stationary steam engine of continuous operation. It was twinned two cylinders, alternately filled by steam, and also supplies water to the tower, but - constantly. By 1784 the English engineer James Watt created a more advanced steam engine called universal steam engine. Watt childhood worked as an apprentice in a car design north. Its task was constantly switching valve steam and water to the boiler. This pretty tired of monotonous work and prompted the inventor to invent a double stroke piston and automatic valve box. The machine was provided in the rigid cylinder piston, on both sides of which are alternately fed steam. Everything happens automatically and continuously. The piston is rotated through the crank flywheel system, which provides a smooth ride. Steam engine could now be driven various mechanisms and ceased to be tied to the water tower. Elements invented by Watt, included in one form or another in all the steam engines. Steam engines developed and applied for solving various technical tasks: driving machines, ships, crews to transport people on the roads, railways locomotives. By 1880, the total capacity of all working steam engines exceeded 26 million kW.
In 1816, Scotsman Robert Stirling proposed external combustion engine, now called his name Stirling engine. This engine working fluid is enclosed in a sealed volume. Here cycle performed by the type of cycle north, but heating of the body and its cooling are produced in different volumes of the car and through the wall of the working chambers. Nature heater and cooler for the cycle are not important, and therefore it can work even in space and from any source of heat. Efficiency created now Stirling small. Theoretically, it should exceed 2 times the efficiency of internal combustion engines, and almost - it's about the same size. But Stirling has a number of other advantages that have contributed to the development of research in this direction. Drawings depicting the vane wheel, rotating under the influence of steam flow, known since ancient times. However, the practical design of the steam turbine were set up only in the second half of the XIX century, thanks to the development of structural materials allow to achieve high speeds.
In 1889, the Swedish engineer Carl Gustaf de Laval suggested using divergent nozzle and a high-speed turbine, and regardless of him, yet in 1884 the Englishman Charles Algernon Parsons invented the first suitable for industrial applications reaction turbine, the ability to rotate the ship's propeller. Steam turbines began to be used on ships, and from the beginning of the XX century in power. In the 60-ies of XX century, their capacity exceeded 1,000 MW in one unit. The project is the first internal combustion engine by the famous inventor hour anchor Christiaan Huygens and offered more in the XVII century. It is interesting that as fuel to be used gunpowder, and the idea was inspired by pieces of artillery. All attempts to build a car Denis Papin on this principle, without success. The first internal combustion engine designed to run reliably in the 1860 French engineer Etienne Lenoir. Étienne Lenoir worked on gas. After 16 years of German designer Nicholas Otto created a perfect 4-stroke gas engine. In the same 1876 Scottish engineer Dugald Clark experienced the first successful two-stroke engine. Improvement of the internal combustion engine has occupied many engineers and mechanics. So, in 1883, German engineer Karl Benz manufactured used them in the future 2-stroke engine. In 1897, his compatriot and also engineer Rudolf Diesel engine ignition proposed working mixture in the cylinder of compressed air, later called diesel.
In the XX century became the main engine of internal combustion engines for road transport. In the 70s, almost 80% of the total capacity of all existing engine had to transport the machine. Parallel going improvement of the turbines, as applied on hydroelectric power stations. Their power in the 70-ies of XX century exceeded 600 MW.
In the first half of the XX century. created new types of prime movers: gas turbines, jet engines, and in the 50s and nuclear power plants. Process improvement and invention of the primary engines continues. In 1834 Russian scientist Moritz von Jacobi established the first suitable for practical use of a DC motor. In 1888, the Serbian student and future great inventor Nikola Tesla stated principle of the two-phase AC motors, and a year later the Russian engineer Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky has created the world's first 3-phase induction motor, which has become the most common electrical machine. Pneumatic and hydraulic machines, respectively, operate on networks of high pressure air or hydraulic fluid energy converting pumps. They are widely used as an actuator in various devices and systems. Thus, created pnevmolokomotivy particularly suitable for working in hazardous conditions, such as in mines, where heat engines are not applicable due to temperature conditions and electrical - because of sparks during switching, using hydraulic machines drives the track in some types of tractors and tanks, displacements of bulldozers and excavators. All of the various design environmentally friendly urban vehicles to the actuator, the proposed engineers from different countries. Secondary engines play an important role in the art, but their capacity is relatively low. They are also widely used in miniature and subminiature devices.
Due to the fundamentally different requirements to the engine depending on its destination, engines identical to the principle of action can be called by ship, aircraft, vehicle and so on.




\(\Huge\color{purple}{Wankel~~Engine}\)

Rotary-piston internal combustion engine (Wankel Engine), the design of which was developed in 1957 as an engineer company NSU Walter Freude, he also belonged to the idea of ​​this design. The engine was developed in collaboration with Felix Wankel, working on another design rotary-piston engine.
The peculiarity of the engine - the use of three-edged rotor having the form Reuleaux triangle, rotating inside the cylinder of a special profile, the surface of which is made by epitrochoid. Mounted on the rotor shaft is rigidly connected to the gear, which engages with a fixed pinion - stator. The diameter of the rotor is much larger than the diameter of the stator, in spite of this rotor pinion gear around the driven around. Each of the vertices of three-edged rotor moves over epitrohoidalnoy surface of the cylinder and cut variable volume chambers in the cylinder with the help of three valves. This design allows for any 4-stroke cycle diesel engine, the Stirling Otto or without the use of special timing. Sealing camera provides radial and axial sealing plate is pressed against the cylinder by centrifugal forces, gas pressure springs and tape. The lack of timing makes the engine much easier four-piston (savings of about a thousand pieces), and the lack of conjugation between the individual working chambers provide extraordinary compactness and high power density. During one revolution of the motor carries an eccentric shaft in one working cycle, which is equivalent to a two-cylinder piston engine operation. During one revolution of the rotor performs an eccentric shaft 3 rotations and 3 full working stroke, which leads to erroneous comparisons rotary piston engine with a six-cylinder engine.
Mixture formation, ignition, lubrication, cooling, running essentially the same as that of a conventional internal combustion piston engine.
Practical application of obtained engines with three-edged rotor, with the ratio of the radii of the pinion and gear: R: r = 2: 3, which is mounted on cars, boats and so on. N.
Vehicles with RAP consume from 7 to 20 liters per 100 km, depending on the driving mode, oil - from 0.4 liter to 1 liter to 1000 km.

\(\huge\color{green}{Advantages~over~gasoline~engines:}\)


\(\Huge\color{green}{1.}\) low vibration: the engine are mechanically balanced, which improves the comfort of light vehicles such as microcars, diesel forklifts and unicar;

\(\Huge\color{green}{2.}\) high dynamic performance: in low gear possible without excessive load on the engine accelerate the car up to 100 km / h at higher engine speeds (8000 rpm / min or more);
high power density (i. p. / kg) due to the fact that:
the mass of the moving parts in the RAP is much less than in similar power piston engines, since its construction there are no crankshaft and connecting rods;

\(\Huge\color{green}{3.}\) low vibration: the engine are mechanically balanced, which improves the comfort of light vehicles such as microcars, diesel forklifts and unicar;

\(\Huge\color{green}{4.}\) single-rotor engine delivers power for three-quarters of each revolution of the output shaft. Unlike four stroke piston engine that delivers power only during one quarter of each revolution of the output shaft.

\(\Huge\color{green}{5.}\)
1.5-2 times smaller dimensions;
minimal number of parts.


\(\Huge\color{blue}{\bigstar~Continued~\bigstar}\)

Due to the lack of transformation of reciprocating motion into rotary, the Wankel engine is able to withstand much higher speed compared with conventional engines. Rotary engines have a higher capacity at a small volume of the combustion chamber, the very same engine design is relatively small and contains fewer parts. Small size improves handling, facilitate optimal location of transmission (weight distribution) and allow us to make the car more spacious for the driver and passengers.


\(\huge\color{green}{Disadvantages}\)

\(\Huge\color{green}{1.}\) A compound of the rotor to the output shaft through the eccentric mechanism being characteristic of RAP is the pressure between the rubbing surfaces, which in combination with the high temperature leads to additional wear and heating of the motor. In this connection there is an increased requirement for periodic oil change. For proper operation of periodically the overhaul, including the replacement of seals. Resource with the correct operation is large enough, but not replaced in time oil inevitably leads to irreversible consequences, and the engine fails.

\(\Huge\color{green}{2.}\) State seals. Contact area is very small, and the differential pressure is very high. A consequence of the high wear of the seals are leak between the chambers and as a result, the drop efficiency and exhaust emissions. The problem of rapid wear of the seals on the high speed shaft was solved using high-alloy steel.

\(\Huge\color{green}{3.}\) Tendency to overheat. The combustion chamber has a lenticular shape, that is, with a small amount she had a relatively large area. When the combustion temperature of the working mixture basic energy losses go through radiation intensity is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature; in terms of reducing the specific surface area and due to this heat loss ideal shape of the combustion chamber - spherical. Radiant energy is not only useless leaves the combustion chamber, but also leads to overheating of the working cylinder. These not only reduce the loss of efficiency of conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy, but also can cause problems with ignition mixture, however in the engine design often involve two candles.


\(\Huge\color{green}{4.}\) Lower efficiency at low speeds in comparison with internal combustion engines. Cleared by the tripping of each n-th of the piston, which also implies the reduction of the thermal load.
High requirements for geometric precision manufacturing engine components make it difficult to produce - requires the use of high-tech and high-precision equipment: machine tools, the ability to move the tool in a complex trajectory epitrohoidalnoy surface of the chamber volume displacement.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{\bigstar~Continued~\bigstar}\)

The engine was originally designed specifically for use in motor vehicles. The first production car with a rotary engine - German sports car NSU Spider.
The first mass - German business-class sedan NSU Ro 80. The car had quite apart from the engine of innovation and, in particular, a body with a record low aerodynamic drag, a semi-automatic transmission with torque converter, the lens unit, and so on. Ro 80 was not only a unique design, but also cutting-edge design, which was incomprehensible to the public mid-sixties (see. NSU Ro 80); ten years later it was he who was the basis for style models «Audi» 100 and 200 generations C2.
Unfortunately, the life of the engine was very small (repairs needed after running about 50 thousand km.), So the car has earned a bad reputation and became scandalously famous. Many keep the car original engine replaced by a piston L4 company Ford. In the early 1950s created a series of aircraft engines VP-760, VP-1300, VP-2650 - two-stroke five-pointed stars with capacity from 40 to 130 liters. p. and weighing from 25 to 100 kg employee Perm Motors Plant 19, an aeronautical engineer Valentin V. Polyakov. Later, in the 1990s, the Scientific and Technical Center were created WHA WHA-416, VAZ-426, VAZ-526.


\(\huge\color{gold}{End~Of~Tutorial}\)

Answer 14

@TheSmartOne

Answer 15

Nice.

Answer 16

\(\Huge\color{blue}{\bigstar~Made~by~MEO~\bigstar}\)
\(\huge\color{lime}{MEO=MathmaticalyEcaxtOne}\)

Answer 17

\(\large\color{white}{heheheheh}\)

Answer 18

http://openstudy.com/users/alexandervonhumboldt2#/updates/54f6387ee4b0b9f2c720e1e2