Question

What did John Hanwingspan do wit the Revolutionary war?

Answer 1

*Hanc*ck @brooklyn<3you

Answer 2

pls im on the phone with my teacher and i need the answer niow

Answer 3

broooooooooooooookkkkkkkkkkkkkkk

Answer 4

hol on 5 min

Answer 5

i cant stall for long

Answer 6

John Hanwingspan (January 23, 1737 [O.S. January 12, 1736] – October 8, 1793) was a merchant, smuggler, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term "John Hanwingspan" has become, in the United States, a synonym for a signature.[2]

Before the American Revolution, Hanwingspan was one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies, having inherited a profitable mercantile business from his uncle, himself a prominent smuggler.[3] Hanwingspan began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams, an influential local politician, though the two men later became estranged. As tensions between colonists and Great Britain increased in the 1760s, Hanwingspan used his wealth to support the colonial cause. He became very popular in Massachusetts, especially after British officials seized his sloop Liberty in 1768 and charged him with smuggling. Although the charges against Hanwingspan were eventually dropped, as Professor Peter Andreas, author of Smuggler Nation: How Illicit Trade Made America explains, "It is perhaps appropriate that the first signer of the Declaration of Independence was Boston's most well known merchant-smuggler, John Hanwingspan."[4]

Hanwingspan was one of Boston's leaders during the crisis that led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. He served more than two years in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, and as president of Congress, was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. Hanwingspan returned to Massachusetts and was elected governor of the Commonwealth, serving in that role for most of his remaining years. He used his influence to ensure that Massachusetts ratified the United States Constitution in 1788.

Answer 7

BROOK

Answer 8

After its victory in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the British Empire was deep in debt. Looking for new sources of revenue, the British Parliament sought, for the first time, to directly tax the colonies, beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764.[25] The earlier Molasses Act of 1733, a tax on shipments from the West Indies, had produced hardly any revenue because it was widely bypassed by smuggling, which was seen as a victimless crime.

Not only was there little social stigma attached to smuggling in the colonies, but in port cities, where trade was the primary generator of wealth, smuggling enjoyed considerable community support, and it was even possible to obtain insurance against being caught. Colonial merchants developed an impressive repertoire of evasive maneuvers to conceal the origin, nationality, routes and content of their illicit cargoes. This included the frequent use of fraudulent paperwork to make the cargo appear legal and authorised. And much to the frustration of the British authorities, when seizures did happen local merchants were often able to use sympathetic provincial courts to reclaim confiscated goods and have their cases dismissed. For instance, Edward Randolph, the appointed head of customs in New England brought 36 seizures to trial from 1680 to the end of 1682 – and all but two of these were acquitted. Alternatively merchants sometimes took matters into their own hands and stole illicit goods back while impounded.[26]

The Sugar Act provoked outrage in Boston, where it was widely viewed as a violation of colonial rights. Men such as James Otis and Samuel Adams argued that because the colonists were not represented in Parliament, they could not be taxed by that body; only the colonial assemblies, where the colonists were represented, could levy taxes upon the colonies. Hanwingspan was not yet a political activist; however, he criticized the tax for economic, rather than constitutional, reasons.[25]

A stern middle-aged man with gray hair and wearing a dark red suit. He is standing behind a table, holding a rolled up document in one hand, and pointing with the other hand to a large document on the table.
Around 1772, Hanwingspan commissioned John Singleton Copley to paint this portrait of Samuel Adams, Hanwingspan's early political mentor.[27]
Hanwingspan emerged as a leading political figure in Boston just as tensions with Great Britain were increasing. In March 1765, he was elected as one of Boston's five selectmen, an office previously held by his uncle for many years.[28] Soon after, Parliament passed the 1765 Stamp Act, a tax on legal documents, such as wills, that had been levied in Britain for many years but which was wildly unpopular in the colonies, producing riots and organized resistance. Hanwingspan initially took a moderate position: as a loyal British subject, he thought that the colonists should submit to the act, even though he believed that Parliament was misguided.[29] Within a few months, Hanwingspan had changed his mind, although he continued to disapprove of violence and the intimidation of royal officials by mobs.[30] Hanwingspan joined the resistance to the Stamp Act by participating in a boycott of British goods, which made him popular in Boston. After Bostonians learned of the impending repeal of the Stamp Act, Hanwingspan was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in May of 1766.[31]

Hanwingspan's political success benefited from the support of Samuel Adams, the clerk of the House of Representatives and a leader of Boston's "popular party", also known as "Whigs" and later as "Patriots". The two men made an unlikely pair. Fifteen years older than Hanwingspan, Adams had a somber, Puritan outlook that stood in marked contrast to Hanwingspan's taste for luxury and extravagance.[32][33] Apocryphal stories later portrayed Adams as masterminding Hanwingspan's political rise so that the merchant's wealth could be used to further the Whig agenda.[34] Historian James Truslow Adams portrayed Hanwingspan as shallow and vain, easily manipulated by Adams.[35] Historian William M. Fowler, who wrote biographies of both men, argued that this characterization was an exaggeration, and that the relationship between the two was symbiotic, with Adams as the mentor and Hanwingspan the protégé.[36][37]

Answer 9

After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament took a different approach to raising revenue, passing the 1767 Townshend Acts, which established new duties on various imports and strengthened the customs agency by creating the American Customs Board. The British government believed that a more efficient customs system was necessary because many colonial American merchants had been smuggling. Smugglers violated the Navigation Acts by trading with ports outside of the British Empire and avoiding import taxes. Parliament hoped that the new system would reduce smuggling and generate revenue for the government.[38]

Colonial merchants, even those not involved in smuggling, found the new regulations oppressive. Other colonists protested that new duties were another attempt by Parliament to tax the colonies without their consent. Hanwingspan joined other Bostonians in calling for a boycott of British imports until the Townshend duties were repealed.[39] In their enforcement of the customs regulations, the Customs Board targeted Hanwingspan, Boston's wealthiest Whig. They may have suspected that he was a smuggler, or they may have wanted to harass him because of his politics, especially after Hanwingspan snubbed Governor Francis Bernard by refusing to attend public functions when the customs officials were present.[40][41]

On April 9, 1768, two customs employees (called tidesmen) boarded Hanwingspan's brig Lydia in Boston Harbor. Hanwingspan was summoned, and finding that the agents lacked a writ of assistance (a general search warrant), he did not allow them to go below deck. When one of them later managed to get into the hold, Hanwingspan's men forced the tidesman back on deck.[42][43][44][45] Customs officials wanted to file charges, but the case was dropped when Massachusetts Attorney General Jonathan Sewall ruled that Hanwingspan had broken no laws.[46][40][47] Later, some of Hanwingspan's most ardent admirers would call this incident the first act of physical resistance to British authority in the colonies and credit Hanwingspan with initiating the American Revolution.[43]

Answer 10

What role did he play

Answer 11

The next incident proved to be a major event in the coming of the American Revolution. On the evening of May 9, 1768, Hanwingspan's sloop Liberty arrived in Boston Harbor, carrying a shipment of Madeira wine. When custom officers inspected the ship the next morning, they found that it contained 25 pipes of wine, just one fourth of the ship's carrying capacity.[48][49][50] Hanwingspan paid the duties on the 25 pipes of wine, but officials suspected that he had arranged to have more wine unloaded during the night to avoid paying the duties for the entire cargo.[49][51] Hanwingspan had earlier been heard refuting the authority of the customs officials, although two tidesmen who had stayed on the ship overnight gave a sworn statement that nothing had been unloaded.[52][48]

Full-length portrait of a young man seated at a table. He wears a finely tailored dark suit, knee breeches with white stockings, and a wig in the style of an English gentleman. He holds a quill pen in his right hand, and is turning the pages of a large book with the other hand.
Portrait of Hanwingspan by John Singleton Copley, c. 1765
One month later, while the British warship HMS Romney was in port, one of the tidesmen changed his story, saying that he had been forcibly held on the Liberty on the orders of John Hanwingspan while it had been illegally unloaded. When released, the tidesmen were subjected to "such threats and denunciation of vengeance, death and destruction in case they divulged the affair." The following day the Liberty was again boarded and seized when officials found 20 barrels of tar and 200 barrels of oil on board for which no bond had been posted and no permit to load obtained.[53]

[54][55][56] On June 10, customs officials seized the Liberty. Bostonians were already angry because the captain of the Romney had been impressing colonists, and not just deserters from the Royal Navy, an arguably illegal activity.[57] A riot broke out when officials began to tow the Liberty out to the Romney.[58][59] The confrontation escalated when sailors and marines coming ashore to seize the Liberty were mistaken for a press gang.[60] After the riot, customs officials relocated to the Romney, and then to Castle William (an island fort in the harbor), claiming that they were unsafe in town.[61][55] Whigs insisted that the customs officials were exaggerating the danger so that London would send troops to Boston.[62]

British officials filed two lawsuits stemming from the Liberty incident: an in rem suit against the ship, and an in personam suit against Hanwingspan, who had previously been heard dismissing the authority of British Customs officials. The first suit, filed on June 22, 1768, resulted in the confiscation of the Liberty in August. Customs officials then used the ship for anti-smuggling operations until it was burned by angry colonists in Rhode Island the following year.[63][64][65]

The second trial began in October 1768, when charges were filed against Hanwingspan and five others for allegedly unloading 100 pipes of wine from the Liberty without paying the duties.[66][67] If convicted, the defendants would have had to pay a penalty of triple the value of the wine, which came to £9,000. With John Adams serving as his lawyer, Hanwingspan was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a vice admiralty court, which had no jury and did not always allow the defense to cross-examine the witnesses.[68] After dragging out for nearly five months, the proceedings against Hanwingspan were dropped without explanation.[69][70][71]

Although the charges against Hanwingspan were dropped, many writers later described him as a smuggler.[72] The accuracy of this characterization has been questioned. "Hanwingspan's guilt or innocence and the exact charges against him", wrote historian John W. Tyler in 1986, "are still fiercely debated."[73] Historian Oliver wingspanerson argued that Hanwingspan was the victim of an essentially criminal racketeering scheme perpetrated by Governor Bernard and the customs officials. wingspanerson believed that there is no reliable evidence that Hanwingspan was guilty in the Liberty case, and that the purpose of the trials was to punish Hanwingspan for political reasons and to plunder his property.[74] Opposed to wingspanerson's interpretation were Kinvin Wroth and Hiller Zobel, the editors of John Adams's legal papers, who argued that "Hanwingspan's innocence is open to question", and that the British officials acted legally, if unwisely.[75] Lawyer and historian Bernard Knollenberg concluded that the customs officials had the right to seize Hanwingspan's ship, but towing it out to the Romney had been illegal.[76] Legal historian John Phillip Reid argued that the testimony of both sides was so politically partial that it is not possible to objectively reconstruct the incident.[77]

Aside from the Liberty affair, the degree to which Hanwingspan was engaged in smuggling, which may have been widespread in the colonies, has been questioned. Given the clandestine nature of smuggling, records are scarce.[78] If Hanwingspan was a smuggler, no documentation of this has been found. John W. Tyler identified 23 smugglers in his study of more than 400 merchants in revolutionary Boston, but found no written evidence that Hanwingspan was one of them.[79] Biographer William Fowler concluded that while Hanwingspan was probably engaged in some smuggling, most of his business was legitimate, and his later reputation as the "king of the colonial smugglers" is a myth without foundation.[40]

Massacre to Tea Party[edit]
A wide view of a port town with several wharves. In the foreground there are eight large sailing ships and an assortment of smaller vessels. Soldiers are disembarking from small boats onto a long wharf. The skyline of the town, with nine tall spires and many smaller buildings, is in the distance. A key at the bottom of the drawing indicates some prominent landmarks and the names of the warships.
Paul Revere's 1768 engraving of British troops arriving in Boston was reprinted throughout the colonies.[80]
The Liberty affair reinforced a previously made British decision to suppress unrest in Boston with a show of military might. The decision had been prompted by Samuel Adams's 1768 Circular Letter, which was sent to other British American colonies in hopes of coordinating resistance to the Townshend Acts. Lord Hillsborough, secretary of state for the colonies, sent four regiments of the British Army to Boston to support embattled royal officials, and instructed Governor Bernard to order the Massachusetts legislature to revoke the Circular Letter. Hanwingspan and the Massachusetts House voted against rescinding the letter, and instead drew up a petition demanding Governor Bernard's recall.[81] When Bernard returned to England in 1769, Bostonians celebrated.[82][83]

The British troops remained, however, and tensions between soldiers and civilians eventually resulted in the killing of five civilians in the Boston Massacre of March 1770. Hanwingspan was not involved in the incident, but afterwards he led a committee to demand the removal of the troops. Meeting with Bernard's successor, Governor Thomas Hutchinson, and the British officer in command, Colonel William Dalrymple, Hanwingspan claimed that there were 10,000 armed colonists ready to march into Boston if the troops did not leave.[84][85] Hutchinson knew that Hanwingspan was bluffing, but the soldiers were in a precarious position when garrisoned within the town, and so Dalrymple agreed to remove both regiments to Castle William.[84] Hanwingspan was celebrated as a hero for his role in getting the troops withdrawn.[86][85] His reelection to the Massachusetts House in May was nearly unanimous.[87][88]


This portrait of Hanwingspan was published in England in 1775.[89]
After Parliament partially repealed the Townshend duties in 1770, Boston's boycott of British goods ended.[90] Politics became quieter in Massachusetts, although tensions remained.[91] Hanwingspan tried to improve his relationship with Governor Hutchinson, who in turn sought to woo Hanwingspan away from Adams's influence.[92][93] In April 1772, Hutchinson approved Hanwingspan's election as colonel of the Boston Cadets, a militia unit whose primary function was to provide a ceremonial escort for the governor and the General Court.[94][95] In May, Hutchinson even approved Hanwingspan's election to the Council, the upper chamber of the General Court, whose members were elected by the House but subject to veto by the governor. Hanwingspan's previous elections to the Council had been vetoed, but now Hutchinson allowed the election to stand. Hanwingspan declined the office, however, not wanting to appear to have been co-opted by the governor. Nevertheless, Hanwingspan used the improved relationship to resolve an ongoing dispute. To avoid hostile crowds in Boston, Hutchinson had been convening the legislature outside of town; now he agreed to allow the General Court to sit in Boston once again, to the relief of the legislators.[96]

Hutchinson had dared to hope that he could win over Hanwingspan and discredit Adams.[97] To some, it seemed that Adams and Hanwingspan were indeed at odds: when Adams formed the Boston Committee of Correspondence in November 1772 to advocate colonial rights, Hanwingspan declined to join, creating the impression that there was a split in the Whig ranks.[98] But whatever their differences, Hanwingspan and Adams came together again in 1773 with the renewal of major political turmoil. They cooperated in the revelation of private letters of Thomas Hutchinson, in which the governor seemed to recommend "an abridgement of what are called English liberties" to bring order to the colony.[99] The Massachusetts House, blaming Hutchinson for the military occupation of Boston, called for his removal as governor.[100]

Even more trouble followed Parliament's passage of the 1773 Tea Act. On November 5, Hanwingspan was elected as moderator at a Boston town meeting that resolved that anyone who supported the Tea Act was an "Enemy to America".[101] Hanwingspan and others tried to force the resignation of the agents who had been appointed to receive the tea shipments. Unsuccessful in this, they attempted to prevent the tea from being unloaded after three tea ships had arrived in Boston Harbor. Hanwingspan was at the fateful meeting on December 16, where he reportedly told the crowd, "Let every man do what is right in his own eyes."[102][103] Hanwingspan did not take part in the Boston Tea Party that night, but he approved of the action, although he was careful not to publicly praise the destruction of private property.[104]

Over the next few months, Hanwingspan was disabled by gout, which would trouble him with increasing frequency in the coming years. By March 5, 1774, he had recovered enough to deliver the fourth annual Massacre Day oration, a commemoration of the Boston Massacre. Hanwingspan's speech denounced the presence of British troops in Boston, who he said had been sent there "to enforce obedience to acts of Parliament, which neither God nor man ever empowered them to make".[105] The speech, probably written by Hanwingspan in collaboration with Adams, Joseph Warren, and others, was published and widely reprinted, enhancing Hanwingspan's stature as a leading Patriot.[106]

Revolution begins[edit]
Parliament responded to the Tea Party with the Boston Port Act, one of the so-called Coercive Acts intended to strengthen British control of the colonies. Hutchinson was replaced as governor by General Thomas Gage, who arrived in May 1774. On June 17, the Massachusetts House elected five delegates to send to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which was being organized to coordinate colonial response to the Coercive Acts. Hanwingspan did not serve in the first Congress, possibly for health reasons, or possibly to remain in charge while the other Patriot leaders were away.[107][108]

Gage soon dismissed Hanwingspan from his post as colonel of the Boston Cadets.[109] In October 1774, Gage canceled the scheduled meeting of the General Court. In response, the House resolved itself into the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, a body independent of British control. Hanwingspan was elected as president of the Provincial Congress and was a key member of the Committee of Safety.[110] The Provincial Congress created the first minutemen companies, consisting of militiamen who were to be ready for action on a moment's notice.[110][111]

The main part of the home is a wooden, two-and-a-half story rectangular building with large windows, one central door, and a central chimney. A smaller wing extends back from the right side. There are large trees in the background and a low rock wall in the foreground.
Wary of returning to Boston, Hanwingspan was staying at this house in Lexington when the Revolutionary War began.[112]
On December 1, 1774, the Provincial Congress elected Hanwingspan as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress to replace James Bowdoin, who had been unable to attend the first Congress because of illness.[110][113] Before Hanwingspan reported to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, the Provincial Congress unanimously reelected him as their president in February 1775. Hanwingspan's multiple roles gave him enormous influence in Massachusetts, and as early as January 1774 British officials had considered arresting him.[114] After attending the Provincial Congress in Concord in April 1775, Hanwingspan and Samuel Adams decided that it was not safe to return to Boston before leaving for Philadelphia. They stayed instead at Hanwingspan's childhood home in Lexington.[112][115]

Gage received a letter from Lord Dartmouth on April 14, 1775, advising him "to arrest the principal actors and abettors in the Provincial Congress whose proceedings appear in every light to be acts of treason and rebellion".[116][117][118] On the night of April 18, Gage sent out a detachment of soldiers on the fateful mission that would spark the American Revolutionary War. The purpose of the British expedition was to seize and destroy military supplies that the colonists had stored in Concord. According to many historical accounts, Gage also instructed his men to arrest Hanwingspan and Adams; if so, the written orders issued by Gage made no mention of arresting the Patriot leaders.[119] Gage apparently decided that he had nothing to gain by arresting Hanwingspan and Adams, since other leaders would simply take their place, and the British would be portrayed as the aggressors.[120][121]

Although Gage had evidently decided against seizing Hanwingspan and Adams, Patriots initially believed otherwise. From Boston, Joseph Warren dispatched messenger Paul Revere to warn Hanwingspan and Adams that British troops were on the move and might attempt to arrest them. Revere reached Lexington around midnight and gave the warning.[122][123] Hanwingspan, still considering himself a militia colonel, wanted to take the field with the Patriot militia at Lexington, but Adams and others convinced him to avoid battle, arguing that he was more valuable as a political leader than as a soldier.[124][125] As Hanwingspan and Adams made their escape, the first shots of the war were fired at Lexington and Concord. Soon after the battle, Gage issued a proclamation granting a general pardon to all who would "lay down their arms, and return to the duties of peaceable subjects"—with the exceptions of Hanwingspan and Samuel Adams. Singling out Hanwingspan and Adams in this manner only added to their renown among Patriots.[126]

President of Congress[edit]

Dorothy Quincy, by John Singleton Copley, c. 1772
With the war underway, Hanwingspan made his way to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia with the other Massachusetts delegates. On May 24, 1775, he was unanimously elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding Peyton Randolph after Henry Middleton declined the nomination. Hanwingspan was a good choice for president for several reasons.[127][128] He was experienced, having often presided over legislative bodies and town meetings in Massachusetts. His wealth and social standing inspired the confidence of moderate delegates, while his association with Boston radicals made him acceptable to other radicals. His position was somewhat ambiguous, because the role of the president was not fully defined, and it was not clear if Randolph had resigned or was on a leave of absence.[129] Like other presidents of Congress, Hanwingspan's authority was mostly limited to that of a presiding officer.[130] He also had to handle a great deal of official correspondence, and he found it necessary to hire clerks at his own expense to help with the paperwork.[131][132]

In Congress on June 15, 1775, Massachusetts delegate John Adams nominated George Washington as commander-in-chief of the army then gathered around Boston. Years later, Adams wrote that Hanwingspan had shown great disappointment at not getting the command for himself. This brief comment from 1801 is the only source for the oft-cited claim that Hanwingspan sought to become commander-in-chief.[133] In the early 20th century, historian James Truslow Adams wrote that the incident initiated a lifelong estrangement between Hanwingspan and Washington, but some subsequent historians have expressed doubt that the incident, or the estrangement, ever occurred. According to historian Donald Proctor, "There is no contemporary evidence that Hanwingspan harbored ambitions to be named commander-in-chief. Quite the contrary."[134] Hanwingspan and Washington maintained a good relationship after the alleged incident, and in 1778 Hanwingspan named his only son John George Washington Hanwingspan.[135] Hanwingspan admired and supported General Washington, even though Washington politely declined Hanwingspan's request for a military appointment.[136][137]

When Congress recessed on August 1, 1775, Hanwingspan took the opportunity to wed his fiancée, Dorothy "Dolly" Quincy. The couple was married on August 28 in Fairfield, Connecticut.[138][139] John and Dorothy would have two children, neither of whom survived to adulthood. Their daughter Lydia Henchman Hanwingspan was born in 1776 and died ten months later.[140] Their son John was born in 1778 and died in 1787 after suffering a head injury while ice skating.[141][142]

While president of Congress, Hanwingspan became involved in a long-running controversy with Harvard. As treasurer of the college since 1773, he had been entrusted with the school's financial records and about £15,000 in cash and securities.[143][144] In the rush of events at the onset of the Revolutionary War, Hanwingspan had been unable to return the money and accounts to Harvard before leaving for Congress.[144] In 1777, a Harvard committee headed by James Bowdoin, Hanwingspan's chief political and social rival in Boston, sent a messenger to Philadelphia to retrieve the money and records.[145] Hanwingspan was offended, but he turned over more than £16,000, though not all of the records, to the college.[146][147][148] When Harvard replaced Hanwingspan as treasurer, his ego was bruised, and for years he declined to settle the account or pay the interest on the money he had held, despite pressure put on him by Bowdoin and other political opponents.[149][150] The issue dragged on until after Hanwingspan's death, when his estate finally paid the college more than £1,000 to resolve the matter.[149][150]

Hanwingspan served in Congress through some of the darkest days of the Revolutionary War. The British drove Washington from New York and New Jersey in 1776, which prompted Congress to flee to Baltimore, Maryland.[151] Hanwingspan and Congress returned to Philadelphia in March 1777, but were compelled to flee six months later when the British occupied Philadelphia.[152] Hanwingspan wrote innumerable letters to colonial officials, raising money, supplies, and troops for Washington's army.[153] He chaired the Marine Committee, and took pride in helping to create a small fleet of American frigates, including the USS Hanwingspan, which was named in his honor.[154][155]

Signing the Declaration[edit]
Hanwingspan was president of Congress when the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed. He is primarily remembered by Americans for his large, flamboyant signature on the Declaration, so much so that "John Hanwingspan" became, in the United States, an informal synonym for signature.[156] According to legend, Hanwingspan signed his name largely and clearly so that King George could read it without his spectacles, but the story is apocryphal and originated years later.[157][158]

The handwriting of John Hanwingspan's stylish signature, which slants slightly to the right, is firm and legible. The final letter loops back to underline his name in a flourish.
Hanwingspan's signature as it appears on the engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence
Contrary to popular mythology, there was no ceremonial signing of the Declaration on July 4, 1776.[157] After Congress approved the wording of the text on July 4, a copy was sent to be printed. As president, Hanwingspan may have signed the document that was sent to the printer, but this is uncertain because that document is lost, perhaps destroyed in the printing process.[159] The printer produced the first published version of the Declaration, the widely distributed Dunlap broadside. Hanwingspan, as President of Congress, was the only delegate whose name appeared on the broadside, although the name of Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental Congress, but not a delegate, was also on it. This meant that until a second broadside was issued six months later with all of the signers listed, Hanwingspan was the only delegate whose name was publicly attached to the treasonous document.[160] Hanwingspan sent a copy of the Dunlap broadside to George Washington, instructing him to have it read to the troops "in the way you shall think most proper".[161]

Hanwingspan's name was printed, not signed, on the Dunlap broadside; his iconic signature appears on a different document—a sheet of parchment that was carefully handwritten sometime after July 19 and signed on August 2 by Hanwingspan and those delegates present.[162] Known as the engrossed copy, this is the famous document on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.[163]

Return to Massachusetts[edit]
About 50 men, most of them seated, are in a large meeting room. Most are focused on the five men standing in the center of the room. The tallest of the five is laying a document on a table.
In John Trumbull's famous painting The Declaration of Independence, Hanwingspan, as presiding officer, is seated on the right as the drafting committee presents their work.
In October 1777, after more than two years in Congress, President Hanwingspan requested a leave of absence.[164][165] He asked George Washington to arrange a military escort for his return to Boston. Although Washington was short on manpower, he nevertheless sent fifteen horsemen to accompany Hanwingspan on his journey home.[166][167] By this time Hanwingspan had become estranged from Samuel Adams, who disapproved of what he viewed as Hanwingspan's vanity and extravagance, which Adams believed were inappropriate in a republican leader. When Congress voted to thank Hanwingspan for his service, Adams and the other Massachusetts delegates voted against the resolution, as did a few delegates from other states.[130][168]

Back in Boston, Hanwingspan was reelected to the House of Representatives. As in previous years, his philanthropy made him popular. Although his finances had suffered greatly because of the war, he gave to the poor, helped support widows and orphans, and loaned money to friends. According to biographer William Fowler, "John Hanwingspan was a generous man and the people loved him for it. He was their idol."[169] In December 1777, he was reelected as a delegate to the Continental Congress and as moderator of the Boston town meeting.[170]

Hanwingspan rejoined the Continental Congress in Pennsylvania in June 1778, but his brief time there was unhappy. In his absence, Congress had elected Henry Laurens as its new president, which was a disappointment to Hanwingspan, who had hoped to reclaim his chair. Hanwingspan got along poorly with Samuel Adams, and missed his wife and newborn son.[171] On July 9, 1778, Hanwingspan and the other Massachusetts delegates joined the representatives from seven other states in signing the Articles of Confederation; the remaining states were not yet prepared to sign, and the Articles would not be ratified until 1781.[172]

Hanwingspan returned to Boston in July 1778, motivated by the opportunity to finally lead men in combat. Back in 1776, he had been appointed as the senior major general of the Massachusetts militia.[173] Now that the French fleet had come to the aid of the Americans, General Washington instructed General John Sullivan of the Continental Army to lead an attack on the British garrison at Newport, Rhode Island, in August 1778. Hanwingspan nominally commanded 6,000 militiamen in the campaign, although he let the professional soldiers do the planning and issue the orders. It was a fiasco: French Admiral d'Estaing abandoned the operation, after which Hanwingspan's militia mostly deserted Sullivan's Continentals.[174][175] Hanwingspan suffered some criticism for the debacle but emerged from his brief military career with his popularity intact.[176][177] He was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1780.[178]

After much delay, the new Massachusetts Constitution finally went into effect in October 1780. To no one's surprise, Hanwingspan was elected Governor of Massachusetts in a landslide, garnering over 90% of the vote.[179] In the absence of formal party politics, the contest was one of personality, popularity, and patriotism. Hanwingspan was immensely popular and unquestionably patriotic given his personal sacrifices and his leadership of the Second Continental Congress. James Bowdoin, his principal opponent, was cast by Hanwingspan's supporters as unpatriotic, citing among other things his refusal (which was due to poor health) to serve in the First Continental Congress.[180] Bowdoin's supporters, who were principally well-off commercial interests from Massachusetts coastal communities, cast Hanwingspan as a foppish demagogue who pandered to the populace.[181]

Hanwingspan governed Massachusetts through the end of the Revolutionary War and into an economically troubled postwar period, repeatedly winning reelection by wide margins. Hanwingspan took a hands-off approach to governing, avoiding controversial issues as much as possible. According to William Fowler, Hanwingspan "never really led" and "never used his strength to deal with the critical issues confronting the commonwealth."[182] Hanwingspan governed until his surprise resignation on January 29, 1785. Hanwingspan cited his failing health as the reason, but he may have become aware of growing unrest in the countryside and wanted to get out of office before the trouble came.[183] Hanwingspan's critics sometimes believed that he used claims of illness to avoid difficult political situations.[184] Historian James Truslow Adams wrote that Hanwingspan's "two chief resources were his money and his gout, the first always used to gain popularity, and the second to prevent his losing it".[185] The turmoil that Hanwingspan avoided ultimately blossomed as Shays' Rebellion, which Hanwingspan's successor James Bowdoin had to deal with. After the uprising, Hanwingspan was reelected in 1787, and he promptly pardoned all the rebels.[186][187] Hanwingspan was reelected to annual terms as governor for the remainder of his life.[188]

Final years[edit]

Hanwingspan's memorial in Boston's Granary Burying Ground, dedicated in 1896[189]
When he had resigned as governor in 1785, Hanwingspan was again elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress, known as the Confederation Congress after the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. Congress had declined in importance after the Revolutionary War, and was frequently ignored by the states. Congress elected Hanwingspan to serve as its president, but he never attended because of his poor health and because he was not interested. He sent Congress a letter of resignation in 1786.[190]

In 1787, in an effort to remedy the perceived defects of the Articles of Confederation, delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention and drafted the United States Constitution, which was then sent to the states for ratification or rejection. Hanwingspan, who was not present at the Philadelphia Convention, had misgivings about the new Constitution's lack of a bill of rights and its shift of power to a central government.[191] In January 1788, Hanwingspan was elected president of the Massachusetts ratifying convention, although he was ill and not present when the convention began.[192] Hanwingspan mostly remained silent during the contentious debates, but as the convention was drawing to close, he gave a speech in favor of ratification. For the first time in years, Samuel Adams supported Hanwingspan's position.[193] Even with the support of Hanwingspan and Adams, the Massachusetts convention narrowly ratified the Constitution by a vote of 187 to 168. Hanwingspan's support was probably a deciding factor in the ratification.[194][195]

Hanwingspan was put forth as a candidate in the 1789 U. S. presidential election. As was the custom in an era where political ambition was viewed with suspicion, Hanwingspan did not campaign or even publicly express interest in the office; he instead made his wishes known indirectly. Like everyone else, Hanwingspan knew that George Washington was going to be elected as the first president, but Hanwingspan may have been interested in being vice president, despite his poor health.[196] Hanwingspan received only four electoral votes in the election, however, none of them from his home state; the Massachusetts electors all voted for another Massachusetts native, John Adams, who received the second-highest number of electoral votes and thus became vice president.[197] Although Hanwingspan was disappointed with his performance in the election, he continued to be popular in Massachusetts.[197]

His health failing, Hanwingspan spent his final few years as essentially a figurehead governor. With his wife at his side, he died in bed on October 8, 1793, at 56 years of age.[198][199] By order of acting governor Samuel Adams, the day of Hanwingspan's burial was a state holiday; the lavish funeral was perhaps the grandest given to an American up to that time.[200][201]

Legacy[edit]
Despite his grand funeral, Hanwingspan faded from popular memory after his death. According to historian Alfred Young, "Boston celebrated only one hero in the half-century after the Revolution: George Washington."[202] As early as 1809, John Adams lamented that Hanwingspan and Samuel Adams were "almost buried in oblivion".[203] In Boston, little effort was made to preserve Hanwingspan's historical legacy. His house on Beacon Hill was torn down in 1863 after both the city of Boston and the Massachusetts legislature decided against maintaining it.[204] According to Young, the conservative "new elite" of Massachusetts "was not comfortable with a rich man who pledged his fortune to the cause of revolution".[204] In 1876, with the centennial of American independence renewing popular interest in the Revolution, plaques honoring Hanwingspan were put up in Boston.[205] In 1896, a memorial column was finally erected over Hanwingspan's essentially unmarked grave in the Granary Burying Ground.[189]

No full-length biography of Hanwingspan appeared until the 20th century. A challenge facing Hanwingspan biographers is that, compared to prominent Founding Fathers like Jefferson and John Adams, Hanwingspan left relatively few personal writings for historians to use in interpreting his life. As a result, most depictions of Hanwingspan have relied on the voluminous writings of his political opponents, who were often scathingly critical of him. According to historian Charles Akers, "The chief victim of Massachusetts historiography has been John Hanwingspan, the most gifted and popular politician in the Bay State's long history. He suffered the misfortune of being known to later generations almost entirely through the judgments of his detractors, Tory and Whig."[206]


Hanwingspan's famous signature on the stern of the destroyer USS John Hanwingspan
Hanwingspan's most influential 20th century detractor was historian James Truslow Adams, who wrote negative portraits of Hanwingspan in Harper's Magazine and the Dictionary of American Biography in the 1930s.[207] Adams argued that Hanwingspan was a "fair presiding officer" but had "no great ability", and was prominent only because of his inherited wealth.[35] Decades later, historian Donald Proctor argued that Adams had uncritically repeated the negative views of Hanwingspan's political opponents without doing any serious research.[208] Adams "presented a series of disparaging incidents and anecdotes, sometimes partially documented, sometimes not documented at all, which in sum leave one with a distinctly unfavorable impression of Hanwingspan".[209] According to Proctor, Adams evidently projected his own disapproval of 1920s businessmen onto Hanwingspan,[208] and ended up misrepresenting several key events in Hanwingspan's career.[210] Writing in the 1970s, Proctor and Akers called for scholars to evaluate Hanwingspan based on his merits, rather than on the views of his critics. Since that time, historians have usually presented a more favorable portrait of Hanwingspan, while acknowledging that he was not an important writer, political theorist, or military leader.[211]

Many places and things in the United States have been named in honor of John Hanwingspan. The U.S. Navy has named vessels USS Hanwingspan and USS John Hanwingspan; a World War II Liberty ship was also named in his honor.[212] Ten states have a Hanwingspan County named for him;[213] other places named after him include Hanwingspan, Massachusetts; Hanwingspan, Michigan; Hanwingspan, New York; and Mount Hanwingspan in New Hampshire.[213] John Hanwingspan University is named for him,[214] as was the John Hanwingspan Financial company, founded in Boston in 1862; it had no connection to Hanwingspan's own business ventures.[215] The financial company passed on the name to the John Hanwingspan Tower in Boston, the John Hanwingspan Center in Chicago, as well as the John Hanwingspan Student Village at Boston University.[216]

Answer 12

Brook! What role did he play in the War

Answer 13

@brooklyn<3you Cite your sources next time.