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The Hundred Years War and 7 year war Tutorial!!!

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\(\huge\color{darkred}{\bullet\text{The Hundred Years War}}\)


The Hundred Years War - a series of military conflicts between Britain and its allies, on the one hand, and France and its allies, on the other, which lasted from about 1337 to 1453. The reason for this conflict were claims to the French throne of the British royal Plantagenet dynasty, seeking to return to the territory continent, formerly owned by the English king. Plantagenets were bound by ties of kinship with the French Capetian. France, in turn, sought to oust the British from Guienne, which was assigned to them, the Treaty of Paris in 1259. Despite initial successes, England has not achieved its objectives in the war, and the war on the continent she was only the port of Calais, which she held until 1558.
The war lasted 116 years (with interruptions). Strictly speaking, it was more of a series of conflicts:

1. Edwardian War - in 1337-1360
2. Carolingian war - in 1369-1396,
3. Lancaster war - in 1415-1428,
4. in 1428-1453.
The term Hundred Years' War as a generalization of these conflicts the name came later. What began as a dynastic conflict, the war subsequently acquired a national connotation in connection with the registration of the English and French nations. Due to numerous military conflicts, epidemics, hunger and killing the population of France as a result of the war was reduced by two thirds. From the point of view of military affairs, during the war, new weapons and military equipment, the development of new tactical and strategic techniques, destroying the foundations of the old feudal armies. In particular, the first standing armies.
The war began the English king Edward III, a former maternally grandson of the French King Philip IV the Fair of the Capetian dynasty. After his death in 1328, Charles IV, the last representative of the forward branch of Capet, and the coronation of Philip VI (Valois) according to the Salic law, Edward told of their rights to the French throne. In addition, the monarchs were arguing because economically important region of Gascony, nominally owned by the King of England, but actually controlled by France. In addition, Edward wanted to return the territories lost by his father. For his part, Philip VI demanded of Edward III recognition of its sovereign monarch. Compromise homage, a prisoner in 1329, did not satisfy any of the parties. However, in 1331, faced with internal problems, Edward Philip acknowledged king of France and left his claim to the French throne (in exchange, the British retained their rights to Gascony).
In 1333, Edward spoke at war with the Scottish King David II, an ally of France. At a time when attention was focused on the British Scotland, Philip VI decided to take this opportunity to join the Gascony. However, the war was a success for the British, and David in July was forced to flee to France after the defeat at Halidon Hill. In 1336, Philip began to make plans for the landing of the British Isles for the coronation of David II in the Scottish throne, parallel planning accession Gascony. The hostility between the two countries escalated to the limit.
In the autumn of 1337 the British launched an offensive in Picardy. They were supported by the Flemish city and the feudal lords and the city of southwest France.
The French army at the beginning of the war consisted of a feudal knight militia, soldiers called to war on a contract basis (these included both commoners and nobles, which the Government has concluded oral or written contracts) and foreign mercenaries (these included and detachments famous Genoese crossbowmen). Military elite troops were feudal militia. By the time the conflict began, the number of knights, capable of bearing arms, was 2350-4000 warriors. Knightly class at that time was virtually a closed caste. The system of universal conscription, formally existed in France, by the time the war began almost disappeared. Cities, however, were able to put large contingents, which included cavalry and artillery. All soldiers are paid for their service.
The outbreak of war was a success for Edward III. Edward during the first years of the war managed to conclude an alliance with the rulers of the Low Countries and the burghers of Flanders, but after several unsuccessful campaigns Union collapsed in 1340. Subsidies Edward III German princes, as well as the cost of maintaining the army abroad led to the bankruptcy of the British Treasury, a strong blow to the prestige of Edward. At first, France has superiority at sea, hiring ships and sailors from Genoa. This causes a constant fear of possible threats invasion of Philip of the British Isles, forcing Edward III to go to the extra expense, buying in Flanders wood for building ships. Whatever it was, the French fleet which prevented the landing of British troops on the continent, was almost completely destroyed in a naval battle at Sluis in 1340. After that, until the end of the war fleet of Edward III had dominion over the sea, controlling the English Channel.
In 1341 outbreak of War of the Breton Succession, in which Edward supported Jean de Montfort and Philip - Charles de Blois. During the following years the war proceeded in Brittany, and the city of Vannes several times passed from hand to hand. Further military campaigns in Gascony had mixed success for both parties. In 1346, Edward crossed the English Channel, invaded France, landed with an army of the Cotentin Peninsula. Within one day the British army captured Caen, which caused bewilderment of the French command, expect a long siege of the city. Philip, having collected an army, marched toward Edward. Edward moved his troops to the north in the Low Countries. Along the way his army to plunder and pillage, retention and seizure of territory was not planned. In the end, after lengthy maneuvers Edward positioned his forces, preparing for the upcoming battle. Philip troops attacked the army of Edward in the famous battle of Crecy August 26, 1346, ending the disastrous defeat of French forces and the death of the French union of Bohemian king Johann Blind. British troops continued unhindered advance to the north and laid siege to Calais, which was taken in 1347. This event was an important strategic success of the British, allowing Edward III to keep the forces on the continent. In the same year, after the victory at Nevilles Cross and the capture of David II was eliminated the threat from Scotland.
In the years 1346-1351 in Europe swept pandemic plague Black Death, which killed hundreds of times more lives than war, and will certainly affect the activity of the military operations.
By 1356 England after the plague swept able to restore their finances. In 1356, the 30000th English army under the command of his son Edward III Black Prince, launched an invasion of Gascony, defeated the French at the Battle of Poitiers, capturing King John II the Good. John Good signed a truce with Edward. During his captivity, the French government began to fall apart. In 1359, he was signed by the London world, according to which the English crown was Aquitaine, and John was released. Military setbacks and economic difficulties have led to popular indignation - Paris uprising (1357-1358 years) and Jacquerie (1358). Troops of Edward the third time invaded France. Using a favorable situation, the troops of Edward move freely through enemy territory, besieged Reims, but later lifted the siege and moved to Paris. Despite the difficult situation in which there was France, Edward did not assault or Paris or Reims, the aim of the campaign was to demonstrate the weakness of the French king and his inability to defend the country. Dauphin of France, the future King Charles V was forced to sign a humiliating peace for themselves in Brétigny (1360). In the first stage of the war, Edward III acquired half of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Poitiers, and about half of the vassal possessions of France. French crown lost, so a third of the territory of France.
When the son of John II the Good, Louis of Anjou, was sent to England as a hostage and a guarantee that John II did not escape, fled in 1362, John II, following his knightly honor, returned to English prisoner. After John died in honorable captivity in 1364, the French king was Karl V.
Taking advantage of the respite, the French King Charles V reorganized the army and carry out economic reforms. This allowed the French to the second stage of the war, in 1370's, made significant military successes. The British were driven out of the country. Despite the fact that the War of the Breton Succession ended in victory for the British in the Battle of Auray, the Dukes of Brittany showed loyalty to the French authorities, and the Breton knight Bertrand Duguesclin even became constable of France. At the same time with the Black Prince in 1366 was occupied by the war in the Iberian Peninsula, and Edward III was too old to command the troops. All this favored France. Pedro of Castile, whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the brother of the Black Prince John of Gaunt and Edmund of Langley, was ousted from the throne in 1370 Henry II of Castile, with the support of the French under the command of Du Guesclin. War broke out between Castile and France, on the one hand, and Portugal and Britain - on the other. With the death of Sir John Chandos, the Seneschal of Poitou, and capture Captal de Byusha England lost in their face his best generals. Duguesclin, following careful "Fabian" strategy, in a series of campaigns, avoiding collisions with large British armies liberated many cities, such as Poitiers (1372) and Bergerac (1377). Allied Franco-Castilian fleet won a landslide victory at La Rochelle, destroying the English squadron. For its part, the British command has taken a series of devastating raids of plunder, but Duguesclin again managed to avoid the collision.
With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377 to the English throne minor son Prince Richard II. Bertrand Duguesclin passed away in 1380, but in England there is a new threat to the north by Scotland. In 1388 British troops were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Otterburn. In connection with its frazzled at both sides in 1396 they signed a truce.
At this time, the French King Charles VI went mad, and soon broke new armed conflict between his cousin, the Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless, and his brother, Louis of Orleans. After the murder of Louis Armagnac, opposing party, Jean the Fearless, seized power. By 1410, both sides wanted to call to his aid the British troops. England, weakened by internal unrest and uprisings in Ireland and Wales, has entered into a new war with Scotland. In addition, there are two more raging civil war. Most of his reign of Richard II spent in the fight against Ireland. By the time Richard bias and accession to the English throne of Henry IV Irish problem was not solved. In addition to all in Wales rebellion broke out under the leadership of Owain Glyndwr, which was finally put down only to 1415. For several years, Wales was actually an independent country. Taking advantage of the change of kings in England, the Scots have raided the British land. However, the British troops who have passed to the offensive, defeated the Scots in the Battle of Humbleton Hill in 1402. Following these events, Earl Henry Percy raised a rebellion against the King, which resulted in a long and bloody struggle, which ended only in 1408. In these difficult years, England, among other things, experienced raids of French and Scandinavian pirates, who inflicted a heavy blow to its fleet and trade. In connection with all these problems interfere in the affairs of France was postponed until 1415.
Since the accession to the throne English King Henry IV made plans for the invasion of France. However, these plans failed to carry only his son, Henry V. In 1414 he resigned in alliance Armagnac. His plan was to return the territories that belonged to the English crown under Henry II. In August 1415 his army landed near Honfleur and captured the city. Wanting to march to Paris, the King of caution chose a different path, which is adjacent to the occupied British Calais. Due to the fact that the food in the British Army was not enough, and the British command has made a number of strategic miscalculations, Henry V was forced to go on the defensive. Despite the unfavorable beginning of the campaign, at the Battle of Agincourt October 25, 1415 the British won a decisive victory over the superior forces of the French.
Henry grabbed most of Normandy, including Kahn (1417) and Rouen (1419). An alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, seized Paris after the murder of Jean the Fearless in 1419, five years the English king subdued about half of the territory of France. In 1420, Henry met in the negotiations with the mad King Charles VI, with whom he signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V was declared heir of Charles VI the Mad bypassing the rightful heir to the Dauphin Charles (future - King Charles VII). After signing the contract in Troyes, until 1801 the kings of England bore the title King of France. The following year, Henry entered Paris, where the agreement was officially confirmed by the States General.
Advances Henry ended with the landing in France six thousandth of the Scottish army. In 1421, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan defeated the numerically superior British army at the Battle of God. English commander and most senior British commanders were killed in the battle. Soon after this defeat King Henry V died in Mo in 1422. His one-year-old son was immediately crowned King of England and France, but Armagnac remained loyal to the son of King Charles, in connection with which the war continued.
In 1423 at the Battle of Kravan already Franco-Scottish troops suffered heavy losses. In this battle, about 4 thousand. British were able to win by fighting an opponent three times superior to their numbers. As a result of the defeat of the French troops was interrupted connection between Picardy and the south of France. The area continues to support the "legitimate king" was "cut" in half. Both parts were now forced to fight apart, unable to come to the aid of each other, which caused a severe damage to the cause of Charles VII. The defeat at Kravan entailed several lost the battle.
Continuing hostilities in 1428, the British laid siege to Orleans. French attack on British convoy with food at the village of Rouvray at Orleans turned into a battle that has received in the history of the name "Battle of the Herrings" and ended with the victory of the British-led knight John Fastolf. 1428 marked the emergence on the political scene of Joan of Arc. In 1428 the British to continue the war, the siege of Orleans. Their effort was not enough for the organization of a total blockade of the city, but exceeds them in the number of French troops took no action. In 1429 Joan of Arc convinced the Dauphin to give her troops to lift the siege of Orleans. Raise the morale of his soldiers, led troops she attacked the British siege fortifications, forcing the enemy to retreat, removing the siege of the city. Inspired by Jeanne, the French have released a number of important fortified settlements in the Loire. Shortly thereafter, Jeanne defeated British troops at Pathe, opening the way to Reims, where the Dauphin was crowned as Charles VII.
In 1430 Joan was captured by the Burgundians and transferred to the British. But even her execution in 1431 did not affect the further course of the war. In 1435 the Burgundians went over to the king of France, and Philip III, by signing the Treaty of Arras with Karl helped him seize Paris. Loyalty Burgundians was unreliable, but, be that as it may, the Burgundians, concentrating their forces to the conquest of the Netherlands could no longer continue active military operations in France. All this has allowed Charles to reorganize the army and the government. The French team, repeating the strategy Bertrand Du Guesclin, liberated town after town. In 1449, the French retook Rouen. At the Battle of formin Count de Clermont utterly defeated the British troops. July 6 French Kahn released. Trying to British troops under the command of John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury win Gascony, to remain faithful to the English crown, failed when British forces suffered a crushing defeat at Castiglione in 1453. This battle was the last battle of the Hundred Years War. In 1453 surrender of the British garrison in Bordeaux marked the end of the Hundred Years War.
No peace treaty between England and France, fixing the outcome of the war, neither in 1453 nor in coming after him for years and decades, were made. However, broke out shortly Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) made the English kings to abandon long trips to France. Undertaken in 1475 by the English King Edward IV landing on the continent ended with the conclusion it with the French king Louis XI in Pikina truce, which is often considered a contract podvedshim line under the Hundred Years' War.
As a result of the war England lost all their possessions on the continent, except Calais, which remained a part of England until 1558. English crown lost vast areas in the southwest of France, whom she had from the XII century. Madness English king plunged the country into anarchy and civil strife band in which the central actors were warring houses of Lancaster and York. In connection with the war Britain did not have the strength and the means to return the lost territories on the continent. On top of all treasury was drained military spending.
The war had a profound influence on the development of military affairs: on the battlefield increased the role of infantry, less costly to create large armies, the first standing armies. Were invented new weapons, created favorable conditions for the development of firearms.

\(\Huge\color{darkblue}{\text{Result: France won.}}\)







\(\huge\color{darkred}{\bullet\text{7 year War}}\)


Seven Years' War (1756-1763) - a major military conflict of the XVII century, one of the biggest conflicts in modern times. The Seven Years War was both in Europe and overseas in North America, the Caribbean, India, the Philippines. In the war was attended by all the European great powers of the time, as well as most medium and small states of Europe, some Indian tribes. Winston Churchill War was even called "First World War". War colonial feel, because it faced the colonial interests of Britain, France and Spain, as well as the first trench - for use in the war a large number of redoubts and other prefabricated fortifications - and the first artillery war: the number of guns in it since 1756 - 2 1000 bayonets, with 1759 - 3-4 guns per 1,000 bayonets and guns 5-6 in 1761.
The main opposition in Europe was between Austria and Prussia because of Silesia, Austria lost in previous Silesian War. Therefore, the Seven Years' War is also known as the Third Silesian War. The first (1740-1742) and the second (1744-1748) Silesian wars are part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
The first shots of the Seven Years War, the European heard long before its official announcement, and in Europe and overseas. In 1754-1755 gg. Anglo-French colonial rivalry in North America led to border clashes between the British and French colonists. By the summer of 1755 resulted in a collision open armed conflict, which began to participate and Indian allies, and regular army units. In 1756, Great Britain officially declared war on France.
This broke the existing interstate conflict in Europe the system of military-political alliances and foreign policy reorientation has caused a number of European powers, known as the "turning alliances." The traditional rivalry between Austria and France for hegemony on the continent was weakened appearance of a third force: Prussia, after coming to power in 1740, Frederick II, beginning claim to a leading role in European politics. Winning the Silesian War, Frederick took from Austrian Silesia, one of the richest Austrian provinces, as a result of increasing the territory of Prussia with 118.9 thousand. To 194.8 thousand sq. Km and a population - from 2.24 million to 5.43 million people. It is clear that Austria could not so easily accept the loss of Silesia.
The outbreak of war with France, the United Kingdom in January 1756 concluded a treaty of alliance with Prussia, thereby, to protect themselves from the threat of a French attack on Hanover hereditary possession of the King of England on the continent. Frederick, considering the inevitable war with Austria and aware of their limited resources, made a bid for "English gold", as well as traditional influence of England to Russia, hoping to keep Russia from participation in the upcoming war and avoid thus the war on two fronts. To overestimate the influence of England to Russia, he said, at the same time, clearly underestimated the outrage caused by his contract with the English in France. As a result, Frederick will have to fight with a coalition of the three strongest continental powers and their allies, christened them "alliance of three women" (Maria Theresa, Elizabeth and Madame Pompadour). However, the King of Prussia jokes regarding its opponents lurking diffidence: too unequal forces in the war on the continent, England, has no strong land army, except subsidies little can help him.
The Anglo-Prussian alliance prompted Austria, thirsty for revenge, to a rapprochement with his old enemy - France, for which Prussia now also become the enemy (France, the pro-Frederick in the first Silesian War, and had seen in Prussia only an obedient instrument of her contrition Austrian power, was able to make sure that Friedrich and did not think to reckon with its intended role). The author of a new foreign policy was the famous Austrian diplomat Count Kaunitz that time. Between France and Austria was signed in Versailles defensive alliance, which at the end of 1756 Russia joined.
In Russia, the strengthening of Prussia was perceived as a real threat to its western borders and interests in the Baltic States and northern Europe. Close ties with Austria, a treaty of alliance which was signed back in 1746, also contributed to the determination of the position of Russia in the European brewing conflict. Traditionally close ties existed with England. Curiously, broke off diplomatic relations with Prussia long before the war, Russia, nevertheless, throughout the war does not break off diplomatic relations with Britain.
None of the countries participating in the coalition was not interested in the complete destruction of Prussia, hoping to use it in the future in their own interests, but all were interested in weakening of Prussia, in her return to the borders that existed before the Silesian wars. Thus, members of the coalition war was fought for the restoration of the old system of political relations on the continent, impaired the results of the War of the Austrian Succession. United against a common enemy, anti-Prussian coalition participants did not think to forget about their traditional differences. Disagreement in the camp of the enemy, caused by conflicting interests and adversely affect the conduct of the war, was the result of one of the main reasons that allowed Prussia to stand in confrontation.
Until the end of 1757, when the success of the latter-day David in the fight against "Goliath" anti-Prussian coalition created a King fan club in Germany and abroad, no one in Europe occurred to seriously consider Frederick "the Great": while most Europeans saw in It brash upstart, which is high time to put in place. To achieve this goal, the Allies put a huge army against Prussia in the amount of 419,000 soldiers. At the disposal of Frederick II was only 200,000 soldiers, plus 50,000 defenders Hanover hired for English money.
Without waiting for opponents of Prussia deployed their forces, Frederick II August 29, 1756 the first outbreak of hostilities suddenly invading allied with Austria, Saxony and occupied it. 1 (11) September 1756 Elizabeth declared war on Prussia. September 9 Prussians surrounded the Saxon army was encamped at Pirna. October 1st marching to the rescue of the Saxons 33.5 thousand army of the Austrian Field Marshal Browne was broken when Lobozitse. Caught in a bind, eighteen thousandth army Saxony surrendered on October 16th. Was captured, Saxon soldiers were forcibly driven into the Prussian army. Later, they "will thank" Frederick, running to the enemy whole regiments.
Saxony, located in the armed forces of the size of the average Corps and also associated with eternal turmoil in Poland (Saxon Elector was a part-time King of Poland), no idea, of course, no military threat to Prussia. Aggression against Saxony was called Frederick intentions:
Saxony used as a convenient base of operations for the invasion of Bohemia and Moravia, Austrian, Prussian troops supply here could be organized on the waterway, the Elbe and the Oder, while the Austrians would have to use awkward mountain roads;
take the war to the enemy, forcing him thus to pay for it
use of human and material resources for the wealthy Saxony own gain. Later he realized his plan the robbery this country so well that some Saxons and still do not like the inhabitants of Berlin and Brandenburg.
Despite this, the German Historiography is still considered to be at war with Prussia defensive war. The reasoning in this case is that the war still would have been started by Austria and its allies, regardless of whether Frederick would attack on Saxony or not. Opponents of this view argue that war began, not least because of the Prussian conquest and its first act was the aggression against neighbor.
Strengthening self absorption of Saxony, Friedrich at the same time and achieved the opposite effect, spurring his opponents to active offensive operations. Now he had no choice other than using the German expression "flight forward" (It. Flucht nach vorne). Counting on the fact that France and Russia will not be able to enter the war until the summer, Friedrich intends to break this time, Austria. In early 1757 the Prussian army, moving four columns, entered the territory of Austria in Bohemia. The Austrian army under the command of the Prince of Lorraine numbered 60,000 soldiers. May 6 Prussians defeated the Austrians and blocked them in Prague. Taking Prague, Friedrich going, without delay, to go to Vienna. However, the plans blitzkrieg was struck blow: to help the besieged came 54,000th Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal L. Down. June 18, 1757 near the town of Colin 34,000th Prussian army clashed with the Austrians. Frederick II lost that fight, losing 14,000 people and 45 guns. Heavy defeat not only destroyed the myth of the invincibility of the Prussian commander, but also, more importantly, made Frederick II to lift the blockade of Prague and hastily retreat to Saxony. Soon appeared in Thuringia by the French and Imperial Army ("tsesartsev") threat forces him to serve there with the army. Having to this point a significant numerical superiority, the Austrians are winning a series of victories over the generals Friedrich (with Moise on September 7 at Breslau November 22), in their hands are the key Silesian fortress of Schweidnitz (now Swidnica, Poland) and Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland). In October 1757 the Austrian general Hadikov manage sudden bloom flying squad for a short time to capture the capital of Prussia, Berlin. Relegating the threat posed by the French and "tsesartsev" Frederick II broke forty thousand army in Silesia and 5 December won a decisive victory over the Austrian army at Leuthen. As a result of this victory was restored existed in the early years provision. Thus, the outcome of the campaign was the "battle a draw."
In the summer of 1757 the beginning of hostilities Russia. Her army under the command of 54-year old Field Marshal SF Apraksin was 65 000 soldiers, including a large number of Cossacks and Kalmyks arrived in Kurland, not having received specific instructions from management. As himself Apraxin tried his best not to take any drastic steps, the army was in limbo. Finally, the field marshal was ordered to act in East Prussia. The campaign was launched in May 1757, but go Prussian border Apraxin decided only in mid-July. Military operations have evolved for Russia successfully: Corps General Fermor Villim using the Baltic Fleet took g.Memel, and the first serious clash main Russian army with the Prussians at Grosse Egersdorf completed a decisive victory of Russian arms (despite the fact that the Prussians suddenly attacked the Russian army on the march, they were soon overturned). However, on 27 August at the Army Military Council, it was decided to withdraw from East Prussia, rumored Apraxin afraid that seriously ill while Elizabeth from day to day can change on the throne of Peter III, known for his love of Prussia and its order.
Sweden is also at war against Prussia, in 1757 took a number of small, poorly protected cities in Pomerania. Thrown here after the withdrawal from East Prussia Russian field marshal Loewald, who commanded the Prussian troops at the Battle of Gross-Egersdorf quickly restores the situation, the Swedes besieged in Stralsund.
Russian became the new commander-in-chief, General William Fermor. In early 1758 he won unopposed, the entire East Prussia, including its capital, the city of Konigsberg, then heading in the direction of Brandenburg. In August, he besieged Kiistrin - a key fortress on the way to Berlin. Frederick immediately marched out to meet him. The battle took place on August 14 at the village and has a stunning Zorndorf bloodshed. In Russian, there were in the army 42,000 soldiers with 240 guns, and Frederick 33,000 soldiers with 116 guns. Battle identified several major problems in the Russian army - the lack of interaction of individual parts, a weak moral training observational body (ie. N. "Shuvalovtsev") finally called into question the competence of the chief. At a critical moment in the battle Fermor left the army for a while did not direct the course of the fight and appeared only to a head. Clausewitz called the later Battle of Zorndorf the strangest battle of the Seven Years War, referring to his chaotic, unpredictable course. Beginning "by the rules", it resulted eventually in the great slaughter, split into many individual battles in which Russian soldiers showed unrivaled persistence, according to Friedrich, few of them were killed, and still had to knock him down. Both sides fought to exhaustion and suffered huge losses. Russian army lost 16,000 people, the Prussians 11 000. Opponents camped on the battlefield, the next day Frederick fear approaching Rumyantsev Division deployed its army and has withdrawn it in Saxony. Russian troops withdrew to the Vistula. General Palmbach sent Fermor besiege Kohlberg long stood under the walls of the fortress, so nothing is done.
October 14 Austrians in force in South Saxony, Frederick managed to defeat at Hochkirch, however, without any consequences. Having won the battle, the Austrian team Daun has withdrawn its troops back to Bohemia.
8 (19) May 1759 commander of the Russian army concentrated at that time in Poznan, instead VV Fermor was unexpectedly appointed general-in-chief PS Saltykov. (The reasons for the resignation of Fermor not fully understood, it is known, however, that the St. Petersburg conference repeatedly expressed displeasure ACCOUNTS Fermor, their irregularity and confusion, Fermor could not report in the expenditure of significant amounts of troops. Perhaps the decision on the resignation influenced and indecisive outcome of the battle of Zorndorf and unsuccessful siege Kiistrin and Kohlberg). July 7, 1759 forty thousandth Russian army was on the west to the Oder River, in the direction of Cros, intending there to connect with the Austrian troops. The debut of the new commander in chief was successful: July 23 Battle of Kay (Kae), he routed dvadtsativosmitysyachny body Prussian general Wedel. August 3, 1759 Mr. allies met in the city of Frankfurt an der Oder, three days before that occupied by Russian troops.
At this time, the Prussian king with an army 48,000 people, has 200 guns, moved towards the enemy from the south. August 10, he crossed to the right bank of the Oder River and took up a position east of the village of Kunersdorf. August 12, 1759 was celebrated battle of the Seven Years' War - Battle of Kunersdorf. Frederick was completely defeated, of the 48 strong army with him, by his own admission, left and 3 thousand soldiers. "To tell the truth - he wrote to his minister after the battle - I believe that all is lost. Death of my Fatherland I will not survive. Good-bye forever. " After the victory at Kunersdorf allies could only strike the final blow, take Berlin, the road which was free, and the force Prussia to surrender, but the differences in their camp did not allow them to use the victory and end the war. Instead advance on Berlin they took away his troops, accusing each other of violating the treaty obligation. Frederick himself called his unexpected salvation "miracle of Brandenburg at home." Frederick was saved, but the failure continued to pursue it to the end of the year: November 20, Austrians, together with the imperial troops, managed to surround and force to the infamous, without a fight, surrender 15,000th body Prussian general Finca with Maksene.
Heavy defeat in 1759 led Frederick apply to England the initiative of convening the World Congress. British supported her so willingly that they, for their part, considered the main objectives in this war achieved. November 25, 1759, 5 days after Max, the representatives of Russia, Austria and France was transferred to Rysvike invitation to a peace congress. France signaled their participation, but nothing happened because of the intransigent position taken by Russia and Austria, expects to use the victory in 1759 for the application of Prussia final blow in the campaign next year.
Meanwhile, England won the sea the French fleet in the Gulf Kiberonskom.
Losses on both sides are enormous: more than 16 000 in the Prussians, about 16 000 (according to other sources, more than 17 000) from the Austrians. From the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa hiding their real value, but Friedrich banned publication of lists of the dead. For it incurred losses can not: in the last years of the war the main source of the Prussian army are prisoners of war. Driven force in the Prussian service, they are at any opportunity to run across the entire enemy battalion. The Prussian army is not only reduced, but also loses its quality. Its preservation, as a matter of life and death, it is now a major concern of Frederick and forcing him to withdraw from active offensive operations. The last years of the Seven Years' War, filled with marches and maneuvers, major battles, like the battles of the initial stage of the war, does not occur.
Victory at Torgau achieved, much of Saxony (but not all of Saxony) returned to Frederick, but it is not the final victory, for which he was willing to "risk it all." The war would last another three long years.
In 1761, any significant collision does not occur: war is basically maneuvering. Austrians manage to master the new Schweidnitz, Russian troops under the command of General Rumyantsev take Kolberg (now Kolobrzeg). Taking Kolberg will be the only major event of the campaign in 1761 in Europe.
No one in Europe, including most of Frederick, at that time did not believe that Prussia will avoid defeat: the resources of a small country were not commensurate with the power of its enemies, and the longer the war lasted, the more important this factor. And then, when Frederick already actively probed through intermediaries opportunity to start peace talks, dies his implacable opponent, Empress Elizabeth, once declared their determination to continue the war to the bitter end, even if she had to sell half of their dresses. January 5, 1762 ascended to the throne, Peter III, who was rescued from the defeat of Prussia, having concluded peace with Frederick St. Petersburg, his longtime idol. As a result, Russia has voluntarily relinquished all its acquisitions in this war (East Prussia with Koenigsberg, whose inhabitants, including Immanuel Kant, already pledging allegiance to the Russian crown) and gave Frederick body under the Count ZG Chernyshev for the war against the Austrians , their former allies.
Politics Peter III has caused outrage in the Russian society, contributed to the fall of his popularity and, ultimately, his overthrow. It was not about worshiping before Peter Frederick, Frederick admired then and then many: Napoleon, the classics of Marxism, and so on. D., But that sacrifice his personal feelings, he brought the interests of the country, which was designed to operate. No peace with Prussia as such, but the world on prisoners under Peter looked like an insult incurred in the war victims. Peter was removed from power and died at the "mysterious" circumstances. Overthrew his Catherine II terminated the treaty of alliance with Prussia and withdrew body Chernyshev, but the war has not announced again, confirming the world, a prisoner of her husband. With her hand, it was a wise decision not strengthened its position as follows in St. Petersburg, she did not want to subject him to additional risks inevitably associated with participation in the Great War.
Friedrich it was also ná hand. At that time, as his opponents much exhaled, he found, thanks to developments in Russia, a second wind, and he again met with success. In the last period of the war there were two battles, significant number of participants, but many times inferior to the battles of the initial period of the war on the bitterness and loss when Burkersdorfe July 21, 1762 at Freiberg and 29 October of the same year. In both triumphant victory Prussians. In the first of these battles took part passive housing Chernyshev, received by the time the order to retreat Catherine but delayed at the request of Frederick, a departure for three days. Not knowing that the enemy was in fact few in number, as the Russian troops can not enter the battle and are in a part of the Prussian army at the position of the observer, the Austrians retreated. At Freiberg won the brother of Frederick, also a talented commander, Prince Henry of Prussia. And finally, in the summer of the same year in Hessen French twice at Wilhelmsthal and Luterberge, were defeated.
Meanwhile, on the American continent also was at war. French colonies were under threat. September 13, 1759, near Quebec, on the so-called the Plains of Abraham, a decisive battle between the French and British armies. The French were 13 000 people against the 9000 British. The English were better prepared and won. The French lost 1,200 people, the British - 650 people. September 18 Quebec garrison surrendered. French troops retreated to Montreal. The British took the city next year. So the French lost to Canada.
Following Russia May 22, 1762 was signed preliminary peace treaty between Prussia and France, and on November 24 - Truce between Prussia and Austria. In early 1762 the Seven Years' War ended as a result of complete exhaustion of the warring parties.
February 10 between Britain and France was signed the Treaty of Paris. France ceded Canada England, eastern Louisiana, some islands of the Caribbean, as well as most of its colonies in India. War put an end to the power of France in America, France lost almost all their colonial possessions, and the UK has acquired the status of the dominant colonial power. France ceded Louisiana to Spain Western (restored in 1800), Spain ceded Florida England (lost the war for the independence of the United States).
February 15, 1763, Prussia signed with Austria and Saxony Gubertusburgsky peace treaty confirmed the right of Prussia to Silesia and Glatz county (now the city of Klodzko in Lower Silesia Province of Poland).
The war ended with the victory of Anglo-Prussian coalition. As a result of the war Prussia finally enters the circle of the leading European powers. Begins the process ended at the end of the XIX century by combining the German states, led by Prussia.
Silesian War defined the foreign policy of Prussia for a century. Beginning with the First Silesian War, and with the exception of a short period of the Napoleonic Wars it, up until 1866, is hostile to Austria, at the same time the Prussian kings were seeking the support of Russia. Rapprochement with Russia was laid Frederick II shortly after the Seven Years' War (1762). In his usual cynical way, he justified it as follows: "For us it is beneficial to be friends with these barbarians."
Russia, St. Petersburg due to the world, a prisoner Peter III, has not acquired in this war is nothing but a priceless experience. School of Seven Years' War took place almost all the commanders of Catherine's time, it is thus prepared militarily brilliant reign of Catherine. Another result of the war was the strengthening of Russia's influence on European affairs, for then, as so far, in international relations decisive weight was the position of the state, has the largest military force. As the Russian army, the only army anti-Prussian coalition, which had, as a result of fighting with the Prussians, the positive balance of Europe during this period was able to see.

Answer 2

Nice job, man! If you take requests, can you do a tutorial about the Anglo-Zanzibar war (the war that lasted 38 minutes)? It'd be quite an interesting read.

Answer 3

yes i can lol 38 munites

Answer 4

i'll add it to here not to close this one

Answer 5

Good idear.

Answer 6

Woah, very nice tutorial! :)

Answer 7

great job

Answer 8

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Answer 9

bullets represent 100 years

Answer 10

Woah. That's a lot of years.

Answer 11

@jagr2713 @EclipsedStar @confluxepic

Answer 12

Great tutorial. Can you please tell me where you got most of the information from? Or at least some of it. I highly doubt through my studies of human capabilities that you could write, type, and do that much of work in such little time. @AlexandervonHumboldt2

Answer 13

my father, wikipedia, others people, my own info i know. @confluxepic

Answer 14

LOL @confluxepic

Answer 15

Awesome Tutorial

Answer 16

Awesome work!

Answer 17

My q is
where do u get so much time to make these tutorials? LOL
thats admirable!!!
im stuck in between 2nd part of my own tutorial
its been waiting for weeks now LOL (busy)
Good job buddy!

Answer 18

\(\color{blue}{\text{Originally Posted by}}\) @AlexandervonHumboldt2
my father, wikipedia, others people, my own info i know. @confluxepic
\(\color{blue}{\text{End of Quote}}\)

Wow. You must have superhuman hands to do all that. Can you tell me how you were able to interpret, analyze, and transmit all of that information?

I'm guessing you were noting all the information down word for word with deadly accuracy while your family members were talking about it. Then you type all of that written information in such little time without your fingers running away from you.

What's your secret? It can help change the world. Humans would be able to have an amazing listening power, energetic fingers, and a love for learning!

Answer 19

actually i have a whole collection of tutorials i made in early months of being on os. now i post them all.

Answer 20

@haleyelizabeth2017 @SolomonZelman

Answer 21

Good job bud!

Answer 22

@AlexandervonHumboldt2 this is koolness I loved IT!!! <3

Answer 23

Great job, once again!

Answer 24

dude, you made my computer freeze with the length of the tutorial

Answer 25

oh my gosh thats aloooot!!!!! lol

Answer 26

dang god what an awesome tutorial! except it looks to big to read when you put it as a question/chat...just TMI fitted into a tiny chat

Answer 27

Nicely done! Didn't have a chance to reply months ago...lol apparently I forgot to.

Answer 28

Or apparently didn't need to.

Answer 29

Very detailed and just purely amazing!