Question

How does the burning of fossil fuels influence global temperature? How might the change in temperature affect other parts of Earth, such as the hydrosphere and biosphere?

Answer 1

Two effects of fossil fuel productions are:

Greenhouse gases that cause global warming
By-products which are pollutants that cause global dimming.
Fossil fuel use, as well as producing greenhouse gases, creates other by-products. These by-products are also pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, soot, and ash. These pollutants however, also change the properties of clouds.

Clouds are formed when water droplets are seeded by air-borne particles, such as pollen. Polluted air results in clouds with larger number of droplets than unpolluted clouds. This then makes those clouds more reflective. More of the sun’s heat and energy is therefore reflected back into space.

This reduction of heat reaching the earth is known as Global Dimming.
for more detail .......> http://www.globalissues.org/article/529/global-dimming.

Answer 2

Increasing atmospheric CO2 causes acidification of the ocean. CO2 dissolving in water forms carbonic acid, which shifts the carbonate-bicarbonate equilibrium to more bicarbonate and less carbonate. Many marine organisms make their shells from carbonate and can't use bicarbonate, and would be endangered.