Question

How does one determine velocity from position in time without using calculus..?

Answer 1

You could record two positions for two different times, then find the average rate of change (and thus average velocity):
\[v_{average}=\frac{\Delta s}{\Delta t}\]
The smaller \(\Delta t\) gets, the closer you get to instantaneous velocity. You'd have to take the limit, but then you'd be using calculus...

So basically, you really can't without the use of calc. You can find close approximations, though.