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How is radon formed? Where is radon found on Earth? Why does radon pose a health concern? How does radon exposure compare to smoking as a cause of lung cancer?
Radon is formed by the natural radioactive decay of uranium in rock, soil, and water.
Radon is a natural product of the environment and the principal natural-background, radiation exposure source in the United States (Krewski et al. 2005). Radon gas moves freely through the air, groundwater, and surface water. The main source of indoor radon gas infiltration is from soil into buildings. Due to radon progeny’s charged state and solid nature, they rapidly attach to most surfaces they encounter, including airborne particles (e.g., dust), walls, floors, ventilation equipment, and clothing. Increased levels of radon have been identified in every state. Only special equipment can detect or measure radon in the home and in the environment. In 2006, the American Cancer Society estimated 8 million homes in the United States had increased radon levels (ACS 2006). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that approximately 6 million homes have concentrations of radon above 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) (EPA 2009c).
Scientists agree that radon causes lung cancer in humans. Recent research has focused on specifying the effect of residential radon on lung cancer risk. In these studies, scientists measure radon levels in the homes of people who have lung cancer and compare them to the levels of radon in the homes of people who have not developed lung cancer. Researchers have combined and analyzed data from all radon studies conducted in Canada and the United States. By combining the data from these studies, scientists were able to analyze data from thousands of people. The results of this analysis demonstrated a slightly increased risk of lung cancer for individuals with elevated exposure to household radon. This increased risk was consistent with the estimated level of risk based on studies of underground miners. Techniques to measure a person’s exposure to radon over time have become more precise, thanks to a number of studies carried out in the 1990s and early 2000s.
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