Question

Automobile Evolution Tutorial!!!

Answer 1

Car, vehicle, combined motor-vehicle, vehicle - motor trackless road vehicle with at least three wheels. The term includes passenger cars, trucks, buses, armored personnel carrier, but does not include agricultural tractors and motorcycles.


\(\Huge\color{blue}{1.}\) Cars - GVW less than 3500 kg for the transport of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and luggage. Cars are available with closed body (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, station wagon, van and minibus) and with bodies, which removed the top (convertible, roadster, phaeton and Lando).

\(\Huge\color{blue}{2.}\) Truck (truck) - a car for transportation of goods. On the truck chassis also produces specialized vehicles and special purpose.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{3.}\) Car especially big load capacity, a wagon - a car, truck or other vehicle, axle load exceeding 120 kN (12 tons of force), and the width of the envelope - 2 5 m.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{4.}\) Road vehicle - car or truck driven by more than one axis (or leading one axis, but the possibility of locking differential axial) adapted for movement with off-road paved. Road vehicles equipped with CVT with an extended range of gear ratios and tire with a special tread pattern, often with a central tire-pressure regulation, and other technical features.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{5.}\) SUV - Car adapted for movement on all types of roads, including unpaved (gravel and field). SUVs are typically characterized by all-wheel drive, high ground clearance.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{6.}\) Buggy - SUV easy to drive on the sand. Usually has an open frame structure.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{7.}\) Pick - Utility modification based on the car or off-road vehicle with an open platform with a tailgate. Load capacity from 150 to 4500 kg.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{8.}\) Floating car (amphibious vehicle)

\(\Huge\color{blue}{9.}\) Flying Car

\(\Huge\color{blue}{10.}\) Sports car - the car has a high speed, increased engine power and low-slung body.
Racing car - a car designed specifically for sporting events.
Record-racing car - a car designed specifically for records for cars (usually on a special track, without competing cars exclusively on the stopwatch).

\(\Huge\color{blue}{11.}\) Fire Engine

\(\Huge\color{blue}{12.}\) Bus - a car to carry more than eight passengers, not a trolley bus.

\(\Huge\color{blue}{13.}\) Trolley - a car designed to carry more than 8 passengers, powered with electricity from an external contact wire.


Despite the great diversity of the cars, their device can always be divided into three main parts: engine, chassis and body.
Engine - a source of mechanical energy, resulting in the car in motion. In modern cars are usually used internal combustion engines in which the combustion process takes place inside the cylinder.
The chassis is a collection of tools designed to transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels to move the car and its management. The chassis consists of these components:
transmission transmits torque from the engine to the drive wheels;
Chassis allows you to move the car, smoothing vibration; consists of the frame, bridge beams, front and rear axle, wheels and tires;
control mechanisms (steering and braking system).
Body serves for accommodation of people or cargo. Body cars and buses consist of a salon for men body trucks consist of the loading platform and cabins for people. Body buses and cars function as a carrier frame system car.
The car manufacturer - Automobile, company, firm, engaged in the development, manufacture or assembly of cars. At the beginning of the XX century Oldsmobile revolutionized the automotive industry, the first to apply conveyor assembly and the world by launching mass motorization.

Large manufacturing companies (2012).

General Motors (USA + UK + Australia + Germany) - 9.03 million.

Volkswagen Group (Germany + France + Italy + Spain + UK) - 8.16 million.

Toyota (Japan) - 8 million.

Hyundai Motor (South Korea) - 6.59 million units.

Ford (USA) - 6.3 million pcs.

Renault-Nissan (Japan + France + South Korea + + Romania Russia) - 6.16 million units.


For many decades, the world's leading automobile production was the United States. Since the 1980s, became the new leader of Japan, since 2009 - China, which in 2010 also produces more cars than all EU countries combined, and since 2009 is the largest market in the world. USSR ranked 5th in the world in the automotive industry as a whole (including 3rd on trucks and 1st on the bus), Russia is among the 15 largest automakers.

The first known DRAWINGS car (with a spring drive) belong to Leonardo da Vinci (p. 812R Codex Atlanticus), but none of the current instance, no information about its existence to this day never came. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science in Florence were able to restore this car drawings, thus proving the correctness of the idea of ​​Leonardo. In the Renaissance and later in a number of European countries 'self-propelled' carts and carriages spring engine built in single quantities to participate in masquerades and parades.
In 1769, French inventor Kyuno tested the first sample of the machine with a steam engine [2], known as "small cart Cugnot", and in 1770 - the "big cart Cugnot." The inventor himself called it "Fire cart" - it was designed for towing artillery.
"Truck Cugnot" consider not only the forerunner of the car, but the engine, because it was driven by the power of steam. In the XIX century stagecoaches and steam-powered rutery (steam tractors, ie, trackless locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and used in a number of European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, voracious and uncomfortable, so did not get popular .
In 1791, Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin was made "Samokatnaya wagon."
There were several cases of building cars as luxury items. For example, in the story came La Marquise (official name - De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux), built in 1884 and has worked on a steam-powered.
The advent of lightweight, compact and powerful enough internal combustion engine has opened up opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, German inventor Gottlieb Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot Karl Benz manufactured and patented the first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895 Benz produced the first bus with ICE. In 1896, Daimler made the first taxi and truck. In the last decade of the XIX century in Germany, France and England originated the automotive industry.
In the first quarter of the XX century are widely used electric cars and cars with a steam engine. In 1900, about half of the cars in the United States was on the steam course, in the 1910s in New York City in a taxi to work up to 70 thousand. EVs.
In the same 1900 Ferdinand Porsche designed the electric vehicle with four driving wheels, which houses the propulsive motors. Two years later, the Dutch firm Spyker has released a racing car with four-wheel drive, equipped with a center differential. [3]
The first racing car was equipped with an engine capacity of 35 liters. p. and was taken by Emil Jellinek DMG December 22, 1900. This "Mercedes" was developed by Wilhelm Maybach, the chief engineer of DMG, and include innovative design solutions: a long wheelbase, wide track and low center of gravity, steel frame, cellular radiator and steering wheel. Lightweight and high-performance engine reaches 75 km / h and could gain from 300 to 1000 rpm. It was a 4-cylinder and the ratio of each cylinder on the piston stroke length is 116 × 140 mm. Volume - 5918 cc. For each pair of cylinders was a carburetor, two camshafts and intake valve-controlled, low-voltage magneto ignition [4].
Stanley Brothers produced about 1,000 cars a year. In 1909, the brothers opened the first hotel in Colorado luxury and from the train station to the hotel guests drove a steam bus that was the actual beginning of automobile tourism. The company released a Stanley steam cars on the move until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multifuel) steam cars left the scene in the 1930s because of its inefficiency and complexity of the operation.
Considerable contribution to the widespread road transport has made an American inventor and industrialist Henry Ford, from 1913 to introduce car assembly conveyor system.
In 1923, the company produced the first Benz truck with a diesel engine.
In 1780 the project of the car (in a certain sense, rather - velomobile, treadle) worked famous Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin. In 1791 he was made a wagon-samokatka in which he applied the flywheel, brake, gearbox, bearings and so on. D.
In Russia, the cars appeared in the late XIX century (the first foreign car in Russia appeared in 1891, it was brought from France by steamer publisher and editor of the newspaper "Odessa leaf" VV Nawrocki). The first Russian car was created by Yakovlev and Frese in 1896 and shown at the National Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. Subsequently, in Russia in small batches produced a number of cars and trucks, most of which were licensed versions of foreign designs, partially or completely gathered from foreign parts. For example, "Russo-Balt" gathered 10 cars in 1910 and 140 - in 1914. However, a fully independent mass production of vehicles in Russia before the revolution has not begun: its development is almost entirely accounted for the Soviet period.
AMO-F-15 - the first Soviet truck, are mass-produced factory in Moscow AMO.
Mass motorization in the territory of modern Russia started relatively late - in fact, with the introduction into service of the Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) Automobile Plant in 1932, first began high-volume (design capacity - up to 300 000 vehicles per year) production of cars (GAZ-A) and trucks ( GAZ-AA) models under license from the American company Ford, designed to work in the national economy. The first mass production of cars designed for individual use, was launched in a series only after the industrialization of the country, just before the Great Patriotic War (KIM-10).
In the postwar years, the emergence of massive amounts of private cars has become a fait accompli due to the large number of captured and reparation of cars, vvezёnnyh from Germany and mainly caught in the middle and personal use of senior officers of the Red Army, Soviet and party nomenclature, upper class technical and creative intelligence. And already in 1946, was launched mass runabout designed for sale to the public - "Moskvich". By this time include the appearance of the first and original design of the Soviet car - "Victory" GAZ-M-20. These machines are quickly pushed the domestic production of "captured" a fleet-wide release of the order of tens of thousands a year, which is already in the 1950s was not enough to cover the increase as the post-war reconstruction of the national economy demand from the population - the situation in one way or another largely maintained throughout the Soviet period. In the mid-1950s they were replaced on the conveyor more advanced development - Moskvich-402 and "Volga", widely exported. At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s was the first attempt to create affordable "people's" car, which was supposed to be "Zaporozhets" ZAZ-965 - however, this project can be considered successful only in part due to a number of related technical and technological problems. The first truly massive private cars in the USSR were "Lada", starting with the VAZ-2101, which were issued in amounts Bole half a million cars a year.
In the period after 1945, the Soviet Union became a prominent global manufacturer of passenger cars and one of the largest - trucks and buses. In 1950 - the first half of the 1970s the Soviet automobile industry is almost completely covers the diverse needs of the economy, reducing vehicle purchases abroad to a minimum, and gradually solved the problem of saturation of the domestic market cars for personal use. Soviet cars and trucks in large quantities exported to many countries and almost all regions of the world, including Western Europe and North America. However, due to a number of failed management decisions, as well as - system problems typical for the industry and for the economy as a whole, since the mid-1970s, the domestic auto industry gradually began to slip into a state of permanent crisis. During the 1970s, none of the Soviet automobile factories did not happen a complete change of generations produced models, despite the fact that it was abroad at that time had a very active development of the industry. Noted in the 1980s gave way to a revival of another decline in the 1990s, finally secured the technological gap between foreign manufacturers for 10-20 years or more, with attempts to create in the field of new, non-continuity with the established in the Soviet era, businesses, leading manufacture of their own unique models on a full cycle, success and failed.
At present, the Russian car industry is represented mainly by entities under the control of transnational corporations, and either engaged in assembling foreign models of comes from abroad components or issues its own outdated models with increasingly wide replacement of components and assemblies imported counterparts, with very limited amount of research and development work in this area.
Transport has the highest contribution to air pollution - it accounts for 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
In road traffic accidents each year are killed about 1.2 million people and injure 20-50 million. Annual losses from road accidents are estimated at 500 billion. Dollars or more. Accidents ranked 9th in the overall ranking of causes of death and the first place for the age group 19-29 years [5].
Every year on September 22 held the World Car Free Day, whose motto - "The city as a space for people, space for life."








Conveyor front edge (TPK), civil designation LuAZ-967 - four-wheel drive amphibious car-transporter especially small capacity.
Was commissioned by the VDV to evacuate the wounded, the transport of ammunition and military equipment, towing and installation of certain types of weapons.
In series production since 1975 at the Lutsk Automobile Plant.
On the basis of the WPK were established civilian cars terrain LuAZ-969, LuAZ-969M, LuAZ-1302 and their modifications.
Conveyor, featuring a very small size, has a waterproof housing, in front of which is the engine MeMZ-967. A characteristic feature of the car is tilting steering column mounted as the driver's seat, in the center of the machine. This design of the steering column allows the driver to operate the vehicle if necessary in a half upright position.
During the Korean War (1949-53 gg.) Revealed the need for a lightweight, able to swim all-terrain vehicle for the transport of ammunition, evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield, intelligence, towing light artillery guns and mortars, and similar tasks. GAZ-69, with all its positive qualities, to perform these functions are not well suited, as established on the basis of his overly specialized amphibious GAZ-46 (MAV - "small car natatorial").
Development began in the mid-fifties in the US group led by BM Fittermana. The prototype, designated US-049 (some sources mention his own name rover - "Spark"), was ready by 1958. He had a fiberglass body with a reinforced base plate, independent torsion suspension trailing arm, a constant drive to the front and rear axle are connected via a lockable center differential, lockable differentials axles, gearboxes and wheel motorcycle engine MD-65 power 22 hp The latter was too weak, had a small resource and not develop properly traction properties. In addition, the plastic body proved too brittle.
The second sample was designated US-049A. Its design specialists were involved in US and Zaporizhia, which in those years just working on the project compact car "Zaporozhets". For military amphibious considered one of the best options for the engine, designed for a "Zaporozhets» - V-shaped, four-cylinder, air-cooled. Further work on the small car and amphibians were conducted in parallel.
NAMI-049A engine was basically unified serial motor "Zaporozhets", including the construction of a system of forced air cooling by means of a block located in the collapse otsosnogo fan (however, the engine ZAZ-but still often overheated in hot weather, and on the future LuAZ e, where it was installed at the front and is better supplied with fresh fresh air and even heavy loads, this trend was not observed).
In addition, instead of a plastic housing with steel used outdoor tent, abandoned the center differential, made switchable rear axle. Suspension strengthened to allow landing by parachute. The driver's seat placed in the middle of the car, back to him sat a medic, and the sides of the body took a stretcher with wounded. Propeller missing - water machine moved by the rotation of the wheels, so that compared to "real" amphibians it was less suited to swimming, but more mobility on land.
The final car is made in Lutsk; before the plant repaired vans, produces showers and transporters SCI-6.5 for silage production.

Answer 2

@bohotness @Data_LG2 @StudyGurl14 @Somy @kidrah69 @sammixboo

Answer 3

Wow. You wrote a lot...Nice job. :)

Answer 4

thx

Answer 5

:)

Answer 6

*jaw drop* very nice! :D
good job alexy !!!

Answer 7

thx

Answer 8

Great job. But why did you post this and will it ever be closed?

Answer 9

Not judging though.

Answer 10

well it will be closed but not soon

Answer 11

Thanks for making this post! It's so interesting. I didn't know that about #6 and I have a question.. What about #8 and #9 ??

Answer 12

@inowalst i'll make them maybe tomorow or some time later

Answer 13

Oh okay.

Answer 14

2+2=5

Answer 15

@EclipsedStar @confluxepic

Answer 16

I dont understand what this has to do with anything

Answer 17

The history of automobiles. I HAS to do with something and that's history.

Answer 18

@Godlovesme

Answer 19

This is pretty rad dude! :)

Answer 20

thx

Answer 21

\(\Huge\color{white}{whooo}\)