Question

Which following consequences did both Pakistan and India have

Answer 1

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Answer 2

In August 1947, Punjab and Bengal were hastily hacked from the subcontinent’s western and eastern flanks to house Jinnah’s geopolitical invention. The immediate consequence, as Dilip Hiro writes in one of the most affecting chapters of “The Longest August,” his chronicle of the rivalry between India and Pakistan, was a “communal holocaust.” More than half a million people were killed as Indians, abruptly uprooted in the name of faith, erupted with irrepressible fury. Millions of Muslims fled to Pakistan; non-Muslims escaped to India. Trainloads of corpses traveled in both directions. It was the largest human exodus in history.

But mutilating India proved easier than building Pakistan. Jinnah had incited partition on the premise that Muslims and Hindus could not coexist in one nation. But millions of Muslims remained in India, whose success in fashioning a nationality out of its staggering diversity immediately debunked Jinnah’s argument. For Pakistan’s creation to be vindicated, India should have become, as Jinnah said it would, a cesspit of “Hindu Raj.” Instead, just three years after partition, India gave itself a secular constitution.

Pakistan, on the other hand, became captive to the sectarian hysteria in which it was forged. It could not relegate religion to the private sphere without belittling the sacrifice of those who had been wrenched from their homes in the name of Islam. Nor could it embrace secularism without dissolving the bond of faith that constituted its two territorial wings, separated by a thousand miles of India, into one nation. So when Jinnah died, just over a year after partition, his paranoid heirs, petrified that they might be subsumed into India, placed Pakistan on an intensive program of Islamization. A whole new past, depicting Pakistan as the worldly manifestation of Islam, was fabricated. Schoolbooks were crammed with fables about the supremacy of Muslims and the treachery of Hindus. Major public projects were given the names of the great Islamic invaders who had ravaged medieval India.