Question

outline how impulses are transmitted from receptor to effector

Answer 1

An effector cell can pass a message to a receptor cell via chemical or electrical means.

A chemical message is a neurotransmitter. An action potential travels to the dendrites, where the depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels. This causes calcium mediated exocytosis of nissel bodies containing neurtransmitter (NT). The NT then enters the synapse and activates receptors on the post synaptic (receptor) cell. The receptors vary, but most are ligand gated ion channels (with the NT being the ligand). Technically, hormones could be said to be chemical messengers as well that pass from effector to receptor cells, but i will stay focused on neuron chemical transmission.

An electrical message can only be passed via contact with another cell. The best example of this are gap junction. These are especially important in cardiac myocytes, which have gap junctions that allow a large group of cells to depolarize together, coordinating contractions. Gap junctions are literally a gap in the cell wall that allows for some flow of cytoplasm between cells. This means that ions can pass between cells, allowing for the electrical message to travel from cell to cell quickly.

With neurons, you can always talk more about what is going on but i hope this answered your question.

Answer 2

wow so much detail

thanks :)