Question

Explain the processes that take place in the chloroplasts during the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis. Include what occurs, what is produced, and where this happens in both stages

Answer 1

The function of the light-dependent stage is twofold:
---- a) the splitting of water to provide protons for the reduction of carbon dioxide. These protons are carried by a special carrier molecule known as NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). It is during this stage that oxygen is released as a byproduct. The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from the water molecule .during the light- dependent stage;
---- b) the formation of ATP. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and causes an electron to become excited. This electron leaves the chlorophyll molecule and is passed along special molecules where its energy is used to convert ADP into ATP. This ATP is used as an energy source for the formation of carbohydrate in the light-independent stage
- The chain of reactions that take place, in the light-independent stage, to produce carbohydrates are cyclical and combined are known as the Calvin Cycle. The Calvin cycle utilizes light energy stored as ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 and H2O to organic compounds.
This takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast to produce a molecule called phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). This molecule moves out from the chloroplast and into the cytosol where 2 PGAL molecules are converted into glucose;
- Carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates in endergonic, energy requiring, reactions only in the light-independent stage;
- Molecules such as NADP are recycled as are the molecules ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Answer 2

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