Question

Which describes how scientific models are used?

Answer 1

A model is an imperfect, incomplete representation of the real thing. It is created to provide a means for analyzing some aspect of the real thing when the real thing cannot be used. There are all kinds of model.

There are math models. F = ma is a math model for example. E = mc^2 is a math model. Equations are math models because they are meant to represent some real relationship between whatever the dependent variable stands for, like force, and all the independent variables, like mass and acceleration, that affect it..

Computer models are of course related to the math models. The great difference in computer models is that they can make static equations become dynamic through simulation over time. SIM City and others like it are perfect examples of computer simulations that model reality.

There are mockup or replica type models. For example, car manufacturers often make clayey replicas of what their new, next year's cars will look like. Mockup models are especially good for studying human factors and ergonomics.

There are full-scale and partial scale working models. These may have the look and feel of the real system, but lack all the functionality the end product real system will ultimately have. For example, a full sized commercial aircraft wing, without the rest of the aircraft, might be tested in a wind tunnel. Or a 1/100 scale tanker ship might be tested for steering capabilities in a stream of running water.

Even a written guidebook can be considered a model. It is an imperfect description of how something real works. And we use guidebooks all the time to install new software, hookup a new appliance, or operate a new device. These are verbal models.

Last, but not least, we have graphics, which we use to model relationships between characteristics. For example, on a Distance vs. Time graph, we would measure the slope v = dD/dT to find the velocity on the graphic model.

All these are scientific models. They are scientific because scientific means are used to create and use them.

Answer 2

Computer simulations help scientists predict future events.