Question

Based on what you know about the stages of a bacterial infection, what can you infer is the purpose of a fever in the human immune response?

a)To inhibit bacterial colonization and growth

b)To limit the amount of tissue damage

c)To prevent the adherence of bacteria to cells

d)To regulate the spread of toxins in the body

I think its C but Im not sure

Answer 1

what do you know about bacterial infection? the question is asking you based on what you know, not what other people know.

Answer 2

The secret is in a kind of immune cell, or lymphocyte, called a CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell. This kind of lymphocyte is able to destroy cells infected with viruses and even tumor cells, researchers said. Researchers found that a higher body temperature (like one achieved in a fever) raises the number of these CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, which means a greater body response against infection.

Answer 3

Before, researchers thought that fevers worked by hindering dangerous microbes from multiplying,

Answer 4

@shawn123 In general, increased in temperature to threshold also increases enzymatic/protein production. That being said, I wouldn't use fever as the basis for either the innate or acquired immune response, which involve all the things you mentioned and other important things you did not mention.

Answer 5

Early Induced Innate Immunity

Early induced innate immunity begins 4 - 96 hours after exposure to an infectious agent and involves the recruitment of defense cells as a result of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPS (def) binding to pattern-recognition receptors or PRRs (def). These recruited defense cells include:

phagocytic cells: leukocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes; tissue phagocytic cells in the tissue such as macrophages (def);
cells that release inflammatory mediators: inflammatory cells in the tissue such as macrophages and mast cells (def); leukocytes such as basophils and eosinophils; and
natural killer cells (NK cells (def)).

Unlike adaptive immunity, innate immunity does not recognize every possible antigen. Instead, it is designed to recognize molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms and are not found associated with mammalian cells. These unique microbial molecules are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPS (def) and include LPS from the gram-negative cell wall, peptidoglycan and lipotechoic acids from the gram-positive cell wall, the sugar mannose (a terminal sugar common in microbial glycolipids and glycoproteins but rare in those of humans), bacterial and viral unmethylated CpG DNA, bacterial flagellin, the amino acid N-formylmethionine found in bacterial proteins, double-stranded and single-stranded RNA from viruses, and glucans from fungal cell walls. In addition, unique molecules displayed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed human cells also act as PAMPS. (Because all microbes, not just pathogenic microbes, possess PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns are sometimes referred to as microbe-associated molecular patterns or MAMPs.)

Most body defense cells have pattern-recognition receptors or PRRs (def) for these common PAMPS and so there is an immediate response against the invading microorganism. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns can also be recognized by a series of soluble pattern-recognition receptors in the blood that function as opsonins and initiate the complement pathways. In all, the innate immune system is thought to recognize approximately 103 of these microbial molecular patterns.

Answer 6

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rieejeKA7lcJ:faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/innate/fever.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in&client=firefox-a

Answer 7

read above link plz ....fever seems to be infact related to innate immunity......

Answer 8

n 1. Fever increases the environmental temperature above the optimum growth temperature for many microorganisms. If the microorganisms are growing more slowly, the body's defenses have a better chance of removing them all.

2. Fever leads to the production of heat shock proteins that are recognized by some intraepithelial T-lymphocytes (def) called delta gamma T-cells, resulting in the production of inflammation-promoting cytokines.

3. Fever elevates the temperature of the body increasing the rate of enzyme reactions, and speeding up metabolism within the body. An elevation in the rate of metabolism can increase the production and activity of phagocytes, speed up the multiplication of lymphocytes, increase the rate of antibody and cytokine production, increase the rate at which leukocytes are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, and speed up tissue repair. Too high of a body temperature, however, may cause damage by denaturing the body's enzymes.

Answer 9

and immune response and pathogen fighting caused by fever is still mostly unknown.....still in research?in my humble opinion???

Answer 10

all the things you mentioned have no direct causation as to why temperature increases. they're merely correlational. as I have mentioned earlier, the increased in temperature TO THRESHOLD is a known mechanism that allows an increased in enzyme/protein synthesis, which is necessary for the rapid propagation of cells required for immunity. this is why sometimes the greater the infection, the greater the fever, but bear in mind that there's one regulator of temperature in the body and that's where the clue lies. systems biology, which treat the whole of systems as concerted effort in maintaining equilibrium is not widely practiced around the world yet, but we are getting there… I hope.

Answer 11

Shawn! I dont undersand anything that you said!

Answer 12

@abbot yeah its mostly medical and difficult .....
@nincompoop why temperature increases is not the question here ....its how fever relates to defense or immune response ......?
fever production mechanism is fairly well known.....but how exactly does it fight bacteria is asked in question.....
dont confuse with both concepts:)

Answer 13

oh. i dont know anything medical. u must b super smart to understand this