Question

Can someone PLEASE draw and explain the differences between Allyl vs Vinyl, and Benzyl vs Aryl?

Answer 1

It's really just a difference of adding a simple 1 carbon chain in between.

So for an example, Allyl chloride and Vinyl chloride look like this: Similarly Benzyl has the extra CH2 that the Phenyl group doesn't have.

Technically a Phenyl group is a type of Aryl group, which is just a general name given to any aromatic ring that's a substituent. But some people use it interchangeably, a benzyl group is specifically a benzene ring with a CH2 group attached to something.
So to help clarify things, on the left we have 2-benzyl pentanoic acid and on the right we have 2-phenyl pentanoic acid.

Answer 2

Thank you so much mate! You've clarified it all from cover to cover !