Question

Axial Anatomy Study Guide

Answer 1

please don't interrupt I'm way too stressed out to deal with people right now

This is my attempt to memorize/understand the structures presented in these figures from my anatomy textbook
Figures: 6.3 b,c,d,e
6.4
6.14 a
6.16 a
6.22 a,c
6.23 b,c
6.25 a
6.26 a
7.2 a
7.5 a,c
7.6 a,d
7.7 a,d
7.8 b
7.9 a
7.11 a
7.13 a,d
7.15 a
7.16 a,c

Answer 2

\({\bf{6.4~the~Mandible:}}\)

Answer 3

start with the mental foramen and mental protuberance.

the mental foreamen (mental = chin, foramen = hole) is a little further back from the mental protuberance (mental projection)

Answer 4

then there is the alveolar part (alveolar meaning related to the tooth sockets, so label where the sockets of the teeth would be)

Answer 5

then, the "head" (the highest part available as a label in the diagram, just like the head is the highest part of the body)

Answer 6

then there is a line (remember, a line in anatomy is a long narrow projection of bone) called the mylohyoid line (not sure I quite understand where this name comes from)

Answer 7

the coronoid process (comes from "corona" meaning crown, you can remember this by thinking of "coronation" where a member of royalty is crowned)

Answer 8

then there is a smooth round projection (remember the definition of condyle) posterior to the coronoid process

Answer 9

the jaw (the lower part) is called the mandible which gives us the mandibular notch between the coronoid and condylar

Answer 10

finally the last two terms (well, besides the teeth but I should hope you can label where those would be) are the ramus and the angle. they describe a similar type of projection but the ramus tends to be larger. you may also be able to remember that the angle is closer to the inferior because the corner of the jawbone looks like an angle.

Answer 11

the professor will be giving us a word bank so the words for this diagram are:

head
teeth
mylohyoid line
coronoid process
condylar process
mandibular notch
ramus
angle
body (forgot to add this one but it goes on the main portion of the jaw)
mental foramen
mental protuberance
alveolar part

Answer 12

\({\bf{6.16~the~Paranasal~Sinuses}}\)

this one is one of the easier ones, you have, going from the superior to the inferior region of the face

- the frontal sinuses (near the frontal bone)
- the ethmoid air cells (near the ethmoid bone, just remember this one is not named like the others)
- the sphenoid sinus (near the sphenoid bone)
- maxillary sinus (near the maxilla)

remember the acronym FESM (female engineers study mathematics or make up your own acronym)

Answer 13

\({\bf{6.22a~the~Axis}}\) or the highest vertebra

Answer 14

personally I think the foramen are the easiest to start with

the most obvious one is the vertebral foramen which is the large hole in the center for the spinal cord to run through

there's also the transverse foramen on the right (the foramen on the left isn't labelled)

Answer 15

then you have two structures starting with the words "superior articular" superior meaning above, articular meaning having to do with joints

superior articular facet (a flat surface) and superior articular process (a projection)

Answer 16

next, on the posterior and anterior ends of this bone there are each an arch and a tubercle

since this is a superior view, the anterior end is at the bottom of the diagram and the posterior end is at the top of the diagram

the tubercles are the "pointed" parts at the very tip and bottom of the shape while the arches are off to the side

Answer 17

we will now add two more processes, the costal process and the transverse process

this is a very stupid way to remember it but if you imagine the transverse foramen as an ocean then the "costal" process is right on the lower edge while the transverse process is off to the side

Answer 18

there is a flat surface near the bottom of the diagram called "facet for dens"
imagine dens --> den, like where an animal could sleep, that's how you can remember it's the lower surface not the upper surface

Answer 19

word bank for 6.22a

vertebral foramen
transverse foramen
superior articular facet
superior articular process
posterior tubercle
posterior arch
facet for dens
transverse process
transverse foramen
costal process
anterior arch
anterior tubercle

Answer 20

\({\bf{6.22c~the~Axis}}\) (the 2nd cervical vertebra) if you have trouble remembering axis vs atlas, remember that Atlas directly supports the head like the Greek figure Atlas supports the world

alsotheAxispowerslostWWIIsotheyrebelowtheAtlas

thankfully this one has fewer structures

Answer 21

the vertebral foramen is in the same spot as last time (smack dab in the middle) while the vertebral body is just below it

Answer 22

we will borrow 4 structures from the atlas diagram

the superior facet (same place as it was before, flat surface on the left side of the diagram)
the dens (similar to where the facet of the dens was)
the transverse foramen and the transverse process (same position as last time)

Answer 23

now we will introduce some new structures

the spinous process (the part that sticks out at the top like a spine)
the lamina (off to the side, you can remember this because that general region of the bone forms an L-shape, kinda)
and the pedicle (near the bottom, like a foot)

Answer 24

word bank for 6.22c

spinous process
superior articular facet
dens
vertebral foramen
vertebral body
lamina
pedicle
transverse foramen
transverse process

Answer 25

Adapted from Human Anatomy, Martini, et. al. 9th edition

will continue this into a pt. 2 b/c this is getting a bit long