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French Tutorial: Être et Avoir

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\({\bf{Être:~To~Be}}\) Conjugations: Je suis Tu es Il, Elle, On est Nous sommes Vous êtes Ils, elles sont \({\bf{Uses}}\) Status/Location: ex: Le vélo est dans le parc. (The bike is in the park.) With adjectives (remember that the adjective must agree in gender + number. ex: La maison est belle. (The house is beautiful.) Nationality, religion, profession: (note: omit the article) ex: Je suis français. (I am French.) NOT Je suis un français. When being used as adjectives, nationalities/religions, etc. are not capitalized. \({\bf{Ce}}\) In some situations, when you use être to link a subject with a modifier, you need to replace the subject pronoun with ce or c'. After ce, retain the appropriate article. When using a noun as a modifier, typically you will change to ce, whereas if you are using an adjective as a modifier, you keep the typical subject pronoun. ex: C'est un professeur vs. Il est beau. ex: C'est un professeur (not Il est un professeur). "Professeur' is being used to modify the subject. With a modified predicate nominative, use ce. ex: C'est une belle journée. (modifier of belle on journée) If you use a regular subject pronoun with être, the following adjective must refer to the subject pronoun. ex: Elle est belle. (She/it is beautiful.) vs. C'est un beau jardin. (It's a beautiful garden.) Read a bit more about c'est vs. il est on Lawless French, as there's a bit more to it than this.

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\({\bf{Être:~Expressions}}\) I'll give a few examples here and link to a more comprehensive list in the references section. Être d'accord (to agree with) Être de retour (to be back from) Être prêt(e) à + (infinitive verb) ex: Je suis d'accord (I agree) Elle est de retour audourd'hui (She returns) Tu es prêt à aller? (Are you ready to go?)

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\({\bf{Avoir:~To~Have}}\) J'ai Tu as Il/Elle/On a Nous avons Vous avez Ils/Elles ont ex: J'ai un chien. (I have a dog.) \({\bf{Negation~With~Avoir}}\) Indefinite articles after avoir (and other verbs) change from un/une/des to de or d' (after a vowel/h muet). ex: J'ai un chien vs. Je n'ai pas de chien. NOT Je n'ai pasi un chien. Nous avons des amis vs. Nous n'avons pas d'amis. \({\bf{Avoir:Expressions}}\) Again, I will link to a more comprehensive list, but for now I will list a few. Avoir __ ans (To be __ years old) Avoir faim (To be hungry) Avoir besoin de (To need) ex: J'ai vingt-cinq ans. (I am 25 years old.) Tu as faim? (Are you hungry?) Nous avons besoin d'aide (We need help.)

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\({\bf{Il~y~a:There~Are}}\) This expression (il y a) can be used to declare the presence of nouns. This does not change regardless of the gender or number of the noun. ex: Il y a beaucoup de trolleurs ici. (There are a lot of (internet) trolls here.) Il y a une voiture sur la route. (There is a car on the road.) When negating, use Il n'y a pas de (or d'). ex: Il n'y a pas de gens honnêtes ici. (There are no honest people here.) Il n'y a pas d'agneaux à la ferme. (There are no lambs on the farm.)

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\({\bf{References:}}\) Rochester, Myrna B. Easy French Step-by-Step, United States, McGraw-Hill Education, 2009, 22-41. https://www.lawlessfrench.com/expressions/avoir-expressions/ https://www.lawlessfrench.com/verb-conjugations/etre/ https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammar/cest-vs-il-est/ https://www.lawlessfrench.com/vocabulary/nationalities/ CollinsDictionary for French and English translations Forvo (https://forvo.com/), a French pronunciation database with samples from native French speakers

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