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Answer 2

You will identify how the Inca civilization influenced early American history.

Introduction
The Inca Empire started as a small tribe in the Andes Mountains and became the largest empire of its time. They had a strong government system and army. This helped them expand and grow as a tribe. You will learn about the history of the Inca Empire.

Identify the Inca Civilization
The Inca Empire, also called the Children of the Sun, was the largest of the early American civilizations. The Incas settled their capital city of Cuzco in a mountain valley in southern Peru. In 1438, an emperor called Pachacuti came to power and started conquering neighboring communities. Pachacuti and his son, Topa Inca, reigned over an empire that spread more than three thousand miles from modern-day Columbia to northern Argentina and Chile.

Pachacuti was a talented leader who organized his empire. He cleared land for towns, appointed governors for each region, and made each person work toward enlarging the empire, paying taxes, and spreading the Inca religion. The Inca people paid their taxes in service. The cities were well-planned. Each was laid in a grid pattern and had a central plaza. The buildings were beautiful and made to last, even to withstand earthquakes. They had decorations on the outside doors and solid gold decorations and simple paintings inside. The Incas built more than ten thousand miles of stone-paved roads that went over mountains and deserts and through jungles. They also made rope bridges of grass that crossed canyons and rivers. Commoners were not allowed on the roads.

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Runners linked faraway outposts of the empire to Cuzco by carrying messages to and from the emperor. The Inca language, Quechua, was the official language of the entire empire. They did not have a written language. They developed a system of record keeping with string, called quipus. Using different lengths and colors of string knotted in special patterns, the quipus held information about aspects of their daily lives such as grain supplies. The Incas cut terraces, which are broad platforms, into steep mountainsides in order to farm the difficult terrain. To keep the soil and plants in place, they built stone walls on the terraces. They dug canals to irrigate the potatoes, maize, beans, squash, peanuts, melons, cotton, and chili peppers.

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All land belonged to the emperor, who the Inca believed to be a descendant of the sun god. The Inca people worshiped many gods of nature, such as the god of the sun, the moon, rainbows, mountaintops, and many more. The Incas made beautiful gold jewelry and temple ornaments because they thought the gods liked them. The Incas celebrated a religious festival every month with games, songs, dancing, food, parades, and sometimes sacrifices (animal and human). The Incas also built special cities for religious ceremonies, like Machu Picchu.

The government was ruled by the Sapa Inca, the all-powerful emperor. He made all of the laws. The supreme council of four men was under the emperor. The provincial governors were under the supreme council. There were two groups in the Inca civilization: the nobles and the commoners. The nobles led a life of ease. The commoners were in groups called ayllu. Each person in the group had a specific job. The groups had strict rules to follow, most having to do with the work they were required to do. Most commoners were farmers. In the Inca civilization, the army reigned supreme. The army was organized and well-fed. All men between twenty-five and fifty years of age could be forced to serve in the army for up to five years. They had clubs, spears, and spiked copper balls on ropes as weapons. They also had slingshots made of woven cloth that threw stones thirty yards.

The Inca Empire rapidly collapsed when its last emperor was executed by the Spanish invaders led by Francisco Pizarro. By 1572, the Inca Empire had come to an end. The descendants of the Incas still live in Peru today.


Quiz Group
Title:

Instructions:

Question 1: Identify the ways Inca civilization influenced early American history.
Type: Multiple Answer

Description: This is a sample assistive technology description

hunting
strong government system
establishing an army
building roads and bridges

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