Question

which type of cell division does a parent cell have to porduce daughter cells?

Answer 1

I want to say mitosis..

Answer 2

ok so first of all meiosis produces 4 haploid cells with mixed genetic content, mitosis creates 2 daughter cells same as parent.

Answer 3

Mitosis

Mitosis produces two daughter cells, each of which has the same genetic information as the parent cell. The entire process includes a series of precise steps to insure that the genetic material is accurately duplicated and distributed. The life of a cell is generally made up of two parts, interphase and mitosis. During interphase, DNA synthesis occurs. Since the process uses the original DNA as a template, the copy is exact (or nearly exact if mutations occur). After a pause, the cell then enters mitosis. Although the lifespan of a cell varies in length depending on the cell type, mitosis itself usually takes about one to two hours and involves four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

PROPHASE. During prophase, the chromosomes, which contain the DNA, condense in length and become visible under a microscope. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Since DNA duplication has already occurred, each of the 46 chromosomes at this stage is present in two copies referred to as sister chromatids. The two sister chromatids of a pair are attached to each other at a point called the centromere. As the chromosomes condense, the membrane surrounding the nucleus disappears, and fibers appear, which come together to form a spindle within the cell. The spindle has two opposite poles and a mid-section, the equatorial plate.

METAPHASE. At the beginning of metaphase, the chromosomes line up individually on the equatorial plate. Fibers emanating from the poles of the spindle attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids. One member of each pair of sister chromatids is attached to a spindle fiber that radiates from one pole, and the other is attached to a fiber that radiates from the opposite pole.

ANAPHASE. After all chromosomes (92 sister chromatids in 46 pairs) have aligned on the equatorial plane of the spindle, the centromere of each chromosome splits, and the fibers begin to contract. One sister chromatid of each pair is pulled to one pole of the spindle and the other is pulled to the opposite pole.

TELOPHASE. Separate membranes form around the chromosome sets at each pole to form two nuclei. The chromosomes elongate and the spindle disappears. Cytokinesis then occurs, resulting in two daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes and roughly half the cytoplasm of the parent cell.

Answer 4

Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division that, in higher organisms, occurs only in cells of the ovaries or testes. Within these organs, cells destined to become eggs and sperm undergo meiosis in order to halve the amount of DNA that will be packaged into an egg or sperm. As with all the other cells in the body, these precursor cells are diploid; that is, they have the full complement of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Whereas mitosis creates two diploid cells from one existing diploid cell, meiosis results in eggs and sperm that have only one member of each pair of chromosome. Thus these cells, collectively known as germ cells, have only 23 chromosomes and are said to be haploid. At fertilization, the union of one egg and one sperm produces a diploid zygote (fertilized egg) with 46 chromosomes, half from the mother and half from the father. This zygote then begins the many mitotic divisions that will take it from a single cell to a complex, fully differentiated organism.

The steps in meiosis are similar in many ways to those in mitosis, but there are several important differences. One obvious distinction is that, unlike mitosis which includes only one division of the nucleus and cytoplasm, meiosis is actually composed of two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. As in a mitotic division, DNA duplication occurs during interphase before meiosis so that the cells begin meiosis I with double the diploid amount of DNA (92 sister chromatids).

MEIOSIS I PROPHASE. Prophase of meiosis I (prophase I) includes several significant features. As the chromosomes condense, chromosome pairing occurs. This is an important phenomenon that occurs only during meiosis. Higher organisms receive half of their genetic material from their mother and half from their father; that is, one set of chromosomes is maternal in origin and the other set is paternal. During interphase of a cell cycle, as well as during mitotic divisions, these various chromosomes from the maternal and paternal sets do not associate in pairs. Pairing only occurs in prophase of meiosis I. This pairing brings the same chromosome from the mother and father together in close association. This pairing is essential for the important step that happens next.

A process of crossing over occurs between the maternal and paternal member of each chromosome pair. These crossover points, which can be seen through the microscope, are the places where maternal and paternal chromosomes have exchanged sections of genetic material in a process known as recombination. This essential step occurs during meiosis and serves to recombine the genetic material an individual received from their mother and father. That individual can then pass on new combinations of the genes from their parents to their offspring. This greatly increases the possible combinations of genetic traits and helps create diversity in the offspring. At the end of prophase, recombination is complete and the chromosome pairs, still attached at their cross-over points, move to the equatorial plate of the spindle that is beginning to form.

In females the process of meiosis begins while the individual herself is still an embryo. The eggs within that early embryo complete prophase I up to a certain point and then go into an arrested state. Eggs only begin to be released from that arrest many years later after a woman has reached puberty. Each month as one egg is ovulated (released from the ovary), meiosis resumes.

MEIOSIS I METAPHASE. During metaphase I, the 23 chromosome pairs line up on the equatorial plate of the spindle with one member of each pair attached by a spindle fiber to one pole and the other member attached to the other pole. At this point the two members of a pair (each of which is itself composed of a pair of sister chromatids) are being held together only at the anchor points created by the cross-overs. When all chromosome pairs are prop- erly aligned on the equatorial plate of the spindle, the anchors release and anaphase I begins.

MEIOSIS I ANAPHASE. During this stage, the two members of a chromosome pair travel to opposite spindle poles. Unlike anaphase of mitosis, the centromeres do not separate. Thus, each chromosome at a pole is composed of a pair of sister chromatids attached at their centromeres. An important point to understand is that the pairs of chromosomes do not line up on the spindle with all of the individual's mother's chromosomes pointing toward one pole and the father's pointing to the other. The alignment is random, so the function of meiosis I is similar to the shuffling of a deck of cards before dealing a hand. The half set of 23 chromosomes that collects at one spindle pole during anaphase will have chromosomes, and thus genetic information, from both the individual's mother and father. This is another way in which

meiosis increases diversity in the offspring. When the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel put forth his principles of heredity in 1865, the process of meiosis had not been discovered. However, scientists later came to realize that the inheritance pattern Mendel described for specific traits such as color and shape in the garden pea, were due to the events of the first meiotic division.

MEIOSIS I TELOPHASE. At the poles, a separate nuclear membrane forms around each haploid chromosome set and cytokinesis occurs, resulting into two daughter cells. In females, cytokinesis produces one large cell with the bulk of the cytoplasm, and one very small cell, the first polar body. The larger cell proceeds to meiosis II. In males, cytoplasmic division is equal and both cells enter meiosis II. Because meiosis I has reduced the diploid number of 46 chromosomes to 23, meiosis I is often referred to as the reduction division.

MEIOSIS II INTERPHASE. Unlike in mitosis, there is no further DNA duplication and interphase is brief.

MEIOSIS II PROPHASE. The nuclear membrane breaks down and a new spindle begins to form.

MEIOSIS II METAPHASE. The haploid set of 23 chromosomes, each consisting of a pair of sister chromatids, moves to the equatorial plate of the spindle. Fibers from the two poles attach at each centromere pair and exert tension to align the chromosomes.

MEIOSIS II ANAPHASE. The centromeres separate, and the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles. In this regard meiosis II is very similar to mitosis. In females, anaphase II is triggered by the sperm entering the recently ovulated egg.

MEIOSIS II TELOPHASE. The chromosomes begin to de-condense, a nuclear membrane forms around each set, and cytokinesis occurs. In sperm, cytokinesis is again equal and the result is the production of four haploid spermatids, which will go through a process of maturation to become sperm. In males, there is no arrest of meiosis and the entire meiotic process takes about 60 days. In females, meiosis II produces a small second polar body containing one set of chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm. The majority of the cytoplasm together with the other set of chromosomes comprises the ovum (mature egg). Since a sperm has already penetrated the envelope of the egg, all that remains is for the haploid chromosome sets from the egg and sperm to merge to produce the diploid zygote.

Answer 5

the above information is gotten from website:
as a source
http://www.enotes.com/cell-division-reference/cell-division

Answer 6

hope it helps :)
and yeah i would go for mitosis

Answer 7

O.O