Question

Many different factors contribute to cancer, including some genetic factors. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes belonging to a class of genes called tumor suppressors. In normal cells, these genes help ensure the stability of the DNA and help prevent uncontrolled cell growth. However, some BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have been linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.

Women and men both have an increased risk of developing breast cancer if they inherit a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene with a harmful mutation. Inheriting these mutations may put a person at i

Answer 1

wheres the question

Answer 2

idk all it gave me was this

Answer 3

is this flvs bio?

Answer 4

there had to be something else lol

Answer 5

yes it is n ill look again lol

Answer 6

okay

Answer 7

there is a graph with it

Answer 8

and there were a couple of questions asking to compare them

Answer 9

yes exactly

Answer 10

you should post the graph and questions so people can help you.

Answer 11

ok

Answer 12

1. The histogram below shows the total estimated new breast cancer cases diagnosed in 2003.

Histogram
© 2011 FLVS
2. The results in this table below are from a 2007 study investigating BRCA mutations in women diagnosed with breast cancer. All of the women in the study had a family history of breast cancer.

BRCA Mutations in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer



BRCA1 mutation

BRCA2 mutation

No BRCA mutation

Total

Number of patients

89

35

318

442

Average age at diagnosis

43.9

46.2

50.4



Preventative mastectomy*

6

3

14

23

Preventative oophorectomy*

38

7

22

67

Number of deaths

16

1

21

38

Percent died

18

2.8

6.9

8.6

*A mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts, either partially of fully. An oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.

Things to address in your summary essay:

Describe how mutations lead to genetic variations.
Which appears to be more dangerous: the BRC1 or BRC2 mutation?
Analyze a woman’s risk of dying of cancer if she carries a mutated BRC1 gene.
How do heredity and inheritance relate to the data presented in these charts?
What data would you need to see in order to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of preventive surgeries?
What does the age at diagnosis tell you about the mutation?
Explain how breast-cancer genes are still present in the population, despite cancer-related surgeries and deaths.