Question

What are permanent intermolecular forces?

What are induced intermolecular forces?

Answer 1

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Answer 2

intermolecular forces arise from the types of bonds in molecules, and charged species, i.e. polar, non-polar molecules and ions.

Permanent IMFs arise from the molecular structure of the species. For example, a water molecule has permanent dipole moments due to the unequal sharing of electron density between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Induced intermolecular forces are not permanent and only present when the electron distribution of a molecule is shifted. For example, transient dipole moments can be caused by the proximity of charged, or polar molecules, to non-polar molecules through the attraction or repulsion of electrons (cation or anions, respectively). The result is partial positive and negative ends (poles) that affect electron distribution of adjacent molecules. When the ion is no longer within a distance when it affects the molecules, the electron distributions of molecules 1 and 2 return to their original states (assuming no exchange of electrons occurred).