Question

Diabetes mellitus simplified

Answer 1

\(\color{Blue}{\textbf{Diabetes mellitus}}\), or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has \(\color{red}{\text{High blood sugar}}\). Patients with diabetes have high blood sugar because their body cannot move sugar into fat, liver, and muscle cells to be stored for energy. This is because either:
\(\bullet\)Their pancreas does not make enough insulin
\(\bullet\)Their cells do not respond to insulin normally
\(\bullet\)Both of the above

\(\color{blue}{\textbf{It is of two types.}}\)

\(\color{green}{\huge\mathcal{TYPE~1~Diabetes~melliatus}}\)
It results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and currently requires the person to inject insulin or wear an insulin pump. This form was previously referred to as \(\color{magenta}{\textbf{"insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes".}}\)

\(\color{green}{\huge\mathcal{TYPE~2~Diabetes~melliatus}}\)
It results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. This form was previously referred to as \(\color{magenta}{\textbf{non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes".}}\)

Answer 2

\(\huge\color{blue}{\text{Diabetic Ketoacidosis}}\)
Diabetic ketoacidosis arises because of a lack of insulin in the body. The \(\color{blue}{\text{lack of insulin}}\) and corresponding elevation of glucagon leads to increased release of glucose by the liver \(\color{magenta}{\text{(a process that is normally suppressed by insulin)}}\) from glycogen via \(\color{blue}{\text{glycogenolysis}}\) and also through \(\color{blue}{\text{gluconeogenesis}}\). High glucose levels spill over into the urine, taking water and solutes (such as sodium and potassium) along with it in a process known as \(\color{blue}{\text{osmotic diuresis}}\). This leads to polyuria, dehydration, and compensatory thirst and polydipsia. The absence of insulin also leads to the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis is inhibited by insulin), which are converted, again in the liver, into ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate). β-Hydroxybutyrate can serve as an energy source in the absence of insulin-mediated glucose delivery, and is a protective mechanism in case of starvation. The ketone bodies, however, have a low pKa and therefore turn the blood acidic (metabolic acidosis) and are poisonous. Metabolic acidosis can also happen due to excessive dehydration. During excessive dehydration blood viscosity increases and its flow is reduced due to which excretion of CO2 reduces and it gets aggregated in the form of carbonic acid in the blood. This leads to metabolic acidosis.

Answer 3

interestinggg.. :D

Answer 4

Indeed \(\color{green}{\huge\ddot\smile}\)

Answer 5

Is this a question?

Answer 6

@Abhisar Diabetes is uncontrolled blood sugar, not just high blood sugar. i know, that is not what some sources say, but the fact is that low blood sugars are in diabetes as well.

You left out gestational diabetes. And that type 1 is an auto-immune disease like lupus, some arthritis, etc.

Answer 7

@mrdoldum
T1DM is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. Both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis. T1DM is associated with other autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, and Addison disease.
However,
In some children and adolescents with apparent T1DM, the β-cell destruction is not immune mediated. This subtype of diabetes occurs mostly in patients of African or Asian origin and is distinct from known causes of β-cell destruction such as drugs or chemicals, viruses, mitochondrial gene defects, pancreatectomy, and ionizing radiation.

Answer 8

@Abhisar Yeah, I know. My fiance is Type 1. Found out when she was a kid, on halloween night.

Answer 9

Ohh..!!

Answer 10

\(\color{red}{\textbf{Gestational Diabetes Millitus}}\)
It is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy (especially during their third trimester). Gestational diabetes is caused when insulin receptors do not function properly. This is likely due to pregnancy-related factors such as the presence of human placental lactogen that interferes with susceptible insulin receptors. \(\color{green}{\text{Such women are increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes millitus.}}\)

Answer 11

@mrdoldum actually low blood sugar or hypoglycemia is not a direct symptom of DM, but its predisposing conditions include T1DM

Answer 12

Actually Hypoglycemia in DM is caused due to intake of insulin (which is in turn taken to check hyperglycemia). If you take too much insulin relative to the amount of glucose in your bloodstream, it can cause your blood sugar level to drop too low, resulting in hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may also result if, after taking your diabetes medication, you don't eat as much as usual (ingesting less glucose) or you exercise more (using up more glucose) than you normally would.

Answer 13

Thanx for improving the article @mrdoldum !

Answer 14

\(Congrats~To~Rabbit, New~Generation~Rabbits~Move~like~Nuclear~Missile~!!\)

\(Looks~great~in~Green~!!\) \(\color{red}{\large~Abhi~Sir~!!}\)

Answer 15

\(\color{green}{\huge\mathfrak{Thank~you~Josh~Sir~!!}}\)

Answer 16

@abhisar I know that hypoglycemia is not the defining feature of diabetes. However, part of diabetes for an individual that has it is low blood sugars. And it is not caused by the intact of excess amounts of insulin alone. If a diabetic does not eat anything or take any insulin, their blood sugar will still drop.

You are trying to treat it on a purely clinical level—that does not work when educating people about diseases. People need to know primary and secondary effects and symptoms.

Answer 17

@mrdoldum blood sugar level drops even if a non-diabetic does not eat anything or indulges in a rigrous exercise. The problem with artificial insulin therapy is lack of homeostasis. Unlike natural insulin it can not have a homeostasis so it's very obvious to develop symptomps like hypocalcemia. But again it should be noted that it's not due to diabetes but due to insulin therapy.
SOURCE: Nelson's textbook of Pediactrics

Answer 18

@Abhisar A normal person can go several days without eating and still maintain blood sugar levels sufficient enough for survival. This is not the case in most diabetics.

Again, I know that this is not a direct symptom of diabetes, but I think it should be mentioned in this informative post of yours as a complication of diabetes and therapy for diabetes.

You know they have been working on transplanting just the insulin producing cells? I have a cousin that is a transport surgeon that worked at Harvard for a bit on one of the projects that were testing this procedure.

Answer 19

@Abhisar It didn't really work very well. He told me that the cell survival was low and the life cycle of the cells pretty much failed. They used pigs. Still, I know others have been working on it. Today on the news there was a artificial pancreas publication that seems very promising.

Answer 20

Currently Insulin produced by E.coli (GMO) is mostly used

Answer 21

@Abhisar Yeah, they usually use HB101, a strain that is very easy to transform. In the past pig pancreases were used. You needed quite a few pig pancreases.

Answer 22

@mrdoldum yeah that was before 1980s. The problem was that it needed to slaughter a large no of INNOCENT pigs and also it ws not able to fullfill the rising demand. It was costly too. Also not suited completed for human use.

Answer 23

@Abhisar You think the pig slaughter is bag: In WWI the German zeplins did a lot of bombing missions over England. This created the problem that the hydrogen gas would escape because no material, at the time, was able to keep hydrogen atoms leaking out of the tiny pores of the material. Well, they figured out something that was the best and the easiest to seal. Small intestines of cattle. It took ~250,000 cattle to make one zeplin. For that time period, making sausage with natural casing was illegal in Germany.

Answer 24

That's All Bad

Answer 25

@Abhisar Yep. This may be the origin of the term "total war" as well. The German Admiral in charge directed incendiary bombs to non-military targets: banks, stock exchange centers, commercial centers, etc. He called it total war and may be the first. We are now way off topic, so I am going to stop before the point of the thread is completely gone.

Answer 26

\(\huge\bigstar\color{Red}{\text{Rectification}}\bigstar\)
\(\color{blue}{\text{Originally Posted by}}\) @Abhisar
@mrdoldum blood sugar level drops even if a non-diabetic does not eat anything or indulges in a rigrous exercise. The problem with artificial insulin therapy is lack of homeostasis. Unlike natural insulin it can not have a homeostasis so it's very obvious to develop symptomps like \(\color{red}{\text{hypocalcemia (should be hypoglycemia).}}\) But again it should be noted that it's not due to diabetes but due to insulin therapy.
SOURCE: Nelson's textbook of Pediactrics
\(\color{blue}{\text{End of Quote}}\)

Answer 27

@Abhisar True, but again, why are they on insulin therapy? Because they are diabetic. It is rare for a non diabetic to suffer hypoglycemia under the same conditions that a diabetic, particularly a type 1 diabetic. It do not make sense to draw such a strong distinction between the two.

Answer 28

No but we can't define a medicational side effect as a symptom of disease.

Answer 29

Very cool, and nicely done! Thanks for sharing @Abhisar

Answer 30

Thank you very much @iambatman \(\huge\color{green}{ت}\)