Question

Module 2.1 notes
•explain the causes of the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States
•describe the major events of the Second Industrial Revolution
•discuss how the Second Industrial Revolution shaped various regions of the United States
•analyze social, political, and economic changes that resulted from the Second Industrial Revolution
•identify similarities and differences between the first and second Industrial Revolutions

Answer 1

Module 2.1 notes
•explain the causes of the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States
•describe the major events of the Second Industrial Revolution
•discuss how the Second Industrial Revolution shaped various regions of the United States
•analyze social, political, and economic changes that resulted from the Second Industrial Revolution
•identify similarities and differences between the first and second Industrial Revolutions
Moudle 2.2 notes
•identify significant inventors and their inventions
•explain how the inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution impacted the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
•understand how business practices of the Industrial Revolution affected the U.S. economy
Module 2.3 notes
•identify the characteristics of Populist Party followers
•analyze the platform/demands of the Populist Party and reasons behind those demands
•assess the reaction of the government to corporations and trade
•analyze the economic challenges to American farmers and farmers' responses to these challenges in the mid to late 1800s.

Answer 2

Economic changes: Expansion of world trade, Factory system, Mass production of goods, Industrial capitalism, Increased standard of living, Unemployment
Political changes: Decline of landed aristocracy, Growth and expansion of democracy, Increased government involvement in society, Increased power of industrialized nations, Nationalism and imperialism stimulated, Rise to power of businesspeople
Social changes: Development and growth of cities, Improved status and earning power of women, Increase in leisure time, Population increases, Problems—economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc., Science and research stimulated
The demands of the Populist Party:
o Free, unlimited coinage of silver
 Reason: So it wouldn’t be difficult for farmers to pay their bills; more money circulation; wanted to expand the currency supply; They believed that if more money was in circulation, prices would go up for all goods, including farm products. If profits increased on their crops, farmers could pay their debts.
o Federal income tax based on income level (graduated income tax)
 Reason: So that the wealthy could pay more than farmers or laborers
o Government ownership of the railroads
 Reason: to fight the rail monopolies that charged them high shipping rates
Reason for labor unions: to help those who were jobless, better hours, better pay, safer and more favorable working conditions
o Successes made by labor unions: Occupational health and safety, the eight-hour day, abolishing child labor, health care, and minimum wage.
Economic and philosophic ideologies:
o Capitalism – includes private ownership for the means of production
o Market economy – decisions are made by supply and demand
o Mixed economy - private and public enterprise
o Planned economy
o Anarchy – absence of government
o Socialism - an economic system characterized by ownership of the means of production by the people
o Communism - an economic and political system in which the state owns and controls all property
Political machines: a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.
o Significant people: William M. Tweed – “boss” of Tammany Hall, improving schools and other buildings, hospitals, and roads  known for Bribery and Corruption
Impact of inventions:
o Self-lubricating steam engine - helped keep the engines working smoothly and safely
o Lightbulb - gave homes and businesses brighter, cleaner lights
o Powered flight – developed a new way to travel—air transportation
Business practices:
o Corporation – a jointly owned company that issues shares of stock
o Holding company – a company that buys up enough stock to control various other companies
o Horizontal integration – a system of related businesses in which a company owns its competitors
o Patent – official document giving the right to make or sell an invention for a period of time
o Pool – a group of companies that agree to set prices and business practices together
o Scientific management – an industrial business theory suggesting that efficiency can be increased by eliminating wasted time and motion
o Trust – a group of companies that turn control of their stock over to a common board of trustees who then run all of the companies as a single business
o Vertical integration – a system of related businesses in which a parent company owns its suppliers
Responses to Eastern and Western immigration:
o Initially, the U.S. government and citizens welcomed immigrants, who were often willing to work long hours for low wages.
o Nativists believed that fewer people should be allowed into the country because they thought that the newcomers would take jobs from American citizens.
o Many nativists called for literacy tests for immigrants. Congress passed a literacy test in 1917 to keep people who could not read English from entering the country.
o Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe. It banned Asian immigration completely.
Changes in society:
o European immigrants were pulled to the United States to take jobs in the new factories. Native-born Americans from rural areas moved to growing industrial regions.
o The cities became home for new immigrants moving to the country.
o Tenements were usually cheap, crowded, and unsanitary. Most did not have indoor plumbing or proper ventilation. Only the rooms at street level received any light.
o Child labor
o The Social Gospel movement was based on the belief that the gap between the rich and the poor was too great in American society. This movement encouraged the wealthy and the upper middle class to help less fortunate people.
Leaders of reform movements:
o Theodore Roosevelt - recognized that the natural resources in the United States were limited. If efforts were not made to protect those resources, Roosevelt believed that they would eventually be used up.
o Gifford Pinchot – coined the word conservation to mean the need to protect the country's national environment. Pinchot was appointed head of the National Forest Service, an organization in charge of protecting millions of acres of public forests.
o William Howard Taft
o Woodrow Wilson