Question

Ancient Greece Tutorial with History of Engines Tutorial!!!

Answer 1

The earliest civilizations arose in fertile river valleys. Irrigation helped the people in those areas to water their crops, which produced food surpluses that fed large cities. The geography of Greece, however, was different from these early river valley civilizations. Greece is a peninsula. The tall mountains create valleys that are isolated. The summers are dry, hot, and long. This helped agriculture to develop. At first, the Greeks who lived in these areas did not create large empires. They created many small city-states. These city-states were independent and often at war. The Greeks often traveled by sea because the rugged land made travel difficult. The people became skilled sailors and traders.
Crete is the largest of the Greek islands. It is home to an early civilization known as the Minoans. The original name of the Minoans is unknown. The Minoan civilization reached its greatest height between 1600 BCE and 1500 BCE. Minoan traders traveled across the Aegean world to Egypt and the Middle East. The Minoans grew grapes, grain, and olives and traded with the Greeks, Egyptians and others. When they returned to Crete, they shared these new discoveries with their own people. In the center of Crete, in the city of Knossos, was a great palace. This huge complex had rooms for the royal family, banquet halls, storehouses, and workshops. Some areas were devoted to the worship of gods and goddesses. The palace was decorated with colorful frescoes. The Minoan civilization disappeared by 1400 BCE. From about 1400 BCE to 1200 BCE, the Mycenaeans from the Peloponnesian peninsula emerged as the supreme power in the Aegean world. From the Minoans, the Mycenaeans learned the art of writing. The mountainous geography of Greece forced the Greeks to rely on the sea. The Mycenaeans built city-states ruled by warrior-kings. These kings created great fortresses and wealthy tombs filled with fine gold artifacts. The Mycenaean civilization was ended by 1100 BCE.Over the next three centuries, Greek culture seemed to decline. Writing was lost. Trade slowed. Wall painting and other fine arts stopped. Cities were abandoned. Historians to call this period the Greek Dark Ages. As the Greeks fell into the dark ages, a new super power emerged. The Phoenicians were the next great civilization to rise up. They lived in a number of cities in the areas that are known today as Lebanon and Syria. The Phoenician people were sailors and traders.
Ancient Greece was made up of a lot of different poleis or city-states. There were great distances between these city-states. These distances caused each city-state to be very independent. Instead of being a tightly-knit family, ancient Greece felt more like a set of distant relatives. While they shared a common language, religion, and culture, each city-state had its own laws and its own government.
A Monarch is governed by a single person such as a king. Many of the poleis (poleis: more than one city-state) were originally ruled by kings. All of the area's money, land, resources, and people belonged to the king. And the king was seen as the only creator and enforcer of the laws of that area. Kings often got their power through battle and conquest. Later, that power was handed down to the king's children and grandchildren. Sometimes, another king waged war and won control of a city-state.
A tyrant was a strong man who ruled by himself. In ancient Greece, the term did not yet carry the meaning of cruelty that it would later take on. Like kings, tyrants were not limited by a constitution (constitution: the basic beliefs and laws of a nation or state that establish the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it. Unlike a king, a tyrant’s power did not get passed to his children but died with him.
Ancient Greeks worried about one person having so much power--whether it be a king or a tyrant. And so, by the seventh century BCE, many of the ancient Greek city-states were ruled by oligarchies, or small groups of men. The hope was that by spreading the power across more people, no one person would become too powerful. Unfortunately, these oligarchies often wound up being just as powerful as the kings they replaced. After all, it was their job to create the laws. And it would be in their best interest to create laws that did them the most good. Since the laws were not written down, this same group of men was responsible for enforcing the laws. And they might not be as strict when one of their group broke a law as when someone else did.

To move from being ruled by a single man, be he a king or a tyrant, to being ruled by a group of men was not such a big change. After all, oligarchies kept the power within families as monarchies had. However, to get to the place where all the men in a city had equal say took much time and several different leaders. It started with Draco in 621 BCE and was expanded on by Solon around 574 BCE. Between 508-507 BCE, Cleisthenes added a few important changes. And thanks to Pericles in the mid fifth century BCE (461-429 BCE), full citizen rule was finally a reality.
The road to democracy in ancient Athens was long and full of challenges. Four key figures, however, played an especially important role. These figures are Draco, Solon, Cleisthenes, and Pericles. Beginning in the sixth century BCE, there were increasing conflicts between the common people and aristocratic rulers. The ancient Athenians played a role in how the United States government was established. Its laws and government served as models for counties in the modern world. The Founding Fathers of the United States included many elements of Athenian government in American democracy.

To the east of Greece, an empire by the name of Persia was expanding its territory. As Persia planned its expansion, its people had their eyes on the beautiful coastline of Greece. The war with Persia lasted for 20 years and was fought on both land and sea. It happened in two phases. The first phase began when the Persian king, Darius I, sent his troops to Sardis in Ionia. This region had been settled by the Greeks, and the city-states soon revolted against Darius’ rule. In 499 BCE, Darius I sent his army to squash the rebellion. This was not a simple task though, and it took until 493 BCE to finally end the rebellion.During this phase of the war, both Athens and Eritrea sent a small part of their navy to help the Ionian Greeks. It was Themistocles who had encouraged the Athenians to build up their navy for protection. The Athenian navy was strong, with small but fast ships. In 492 BCE, the second phase of the war began, and Persia invaded the Greek peninsula. The first major battle took place at Marathon in 490 BCE, just 26 miles east of Athens. The Athenians were victorious against the much larger Persian forces. Darius I recalled his forces and halted the invasion while he tried to rebuild the Persian army. He died, however, before he could re-launch his invasion. The ten years between the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE and the next invasion in 480 BCE left the Greek
city-states in a difficult position. The Spartans were the most powerful city-state in the region before the Persian invasions. This had allowed the Spartans to create the Peloponnesian League, which included as many as 30 city-states but was controlled by Sparta. When Xerxes of Persia launched his invasion in 480 BCE, he first attacked at Thermopylae with an army of over 100,000. Thermopylae was a mountain pass north of Athens. The Greeks sent a force of less than 10,000 to stop them. Battle of Thermopylae lasted for three days with neither side defeating the other. King Leonidas of Sparta knew Xerxes was going to try and surround him. So he sent away the majority of his army and kept a small force behind to protect them. The Battle of Thermopylae is important because it showed that the different Greek communities could come together against a common enemy. Xerxes was determined to take over the Greek city-states and make them his own. Near the island of Salamis, the Athenian navy was put to the test. The Battle of Salamis was short, and the victor of the Persian War was finally declared. The Athenian navy was made of wooden ships that were quick and easy to maneuver. For this battle, the Greek sailors decided to bring their ships alongside the Persian ships, and then throw burning pieces of wood onto the enemy's decks. They then quickly moved away.
Xerxes fled back to Persia and never again threatened the Greek people.

Answer 2

this is a non finished tutorial i'll have the end ready in a few days

Answer 3

wow

Answer 4

it will take me a few days to read it lol

Answer 5

hah thx

Answer 6

np

Answer 7

Apart from the American spelling its amazing (I haven't yet read it all as I'm sick and dying but I shall rest assured). Great work bro.