Question

\(\huge \sf \color{plum}{ Journey~ from~ DNA~ to~ Protein}\)Part1: DNA and Part 1: mRNA structures and differences
***Tutorial***

Answer 1

There are 2 main steps
-Transcription – DNA → mRNA
-Translation – mRNA → Polypeptide/Protein

But, beforehand, the structure of DNA and RNA must be understood.

What is DNA made of?
DNA is a polymer consisting of nucleotide monomer units joined together
Nucleotide consists of:
- Phosphate backbone
- \(\sf \color{green}{Deoxyribose ~sugar }\)
- Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine
• \(\sf \color{red}{Thymine}\)
• Guanine
• Cytosine

What is mRNA made of?
mRNA is a polymer consisting of nucleotide monomer units joined together just like of DNA, BUT:
Nucleotide consists of:
- Phosphate backbone
- \(\sf \color{green}{Ribose ~sugar }\)
- Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine
• \(\sf \color {red}{Uracil}\)
• Guanine
• Cytosine

***Notice the difference
DNA has Deoxyribose sugar: deoxy- means oxygen is missing in this ribose sugar
You can see it here

Answer 2

Another difference is Thymine & Uracil
While DNA has Thymine as one its nitrogenous bases,
mRNA has this nitrogenous base replaced by Uracil

These two, are main differences to distinguish between DNA and mRNA
BUT there are yet more differences coming up!

Answer 3

So next up these nucleotides join together by \(\sf \color{blue}{Phosphodiester~ bond}\) between OH of sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate backbone of another nucleotide

Answer 4

And finally a long polynucleotide strand is formed

Answer 5

As you can see in the picture
\(\sf \color{purple}{RNA}\) is \(\sf \color{purple}{single~ helix}\)
while \(\sf \color{orange}{DNA}\) is \(\sf \color{orange}{double~ helix}\)

Answer 6

This is yet another difference
*** Please note that this explanation is of basic highschool level, & RNA also has a double helix but it is parallel helix. You can search for more details to get a better idea.

Answer 7

So moving on to DNA double helix
Take a close look at it and you will see that the strands are \(\sf \color{brown}{antiparallel}\) meaning one strand is in 3 to 5 prime direction while the other is in 5 to 3 prime direction

Answer 8

This is yet another difference as you can see

Answer 9

Next
there is Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the two strands
Before we go on with Hydrogen bonds
Lets talk about word that you might have already heard of
' \(\sf \color{deeppink}{Complementary}\) '
Yes, nitrogenous bases are complementary to each other
\(\sf \color{lightsalmon}{Adenine}\) always pairs with \(\sf \color{pink}{Thymine}\)
\(\sf \color{palegreen}{Guanine}\) always pairs with \(\sf \color{seagreen}{Cytosine}\)

Single letter code
Adenine = A
Thymine = T
Guanine = G
Cytosine = C

now Here is where hydrogen bonds are forming
\(\sf \color{red}{2}\) hydrogen bonds between A and T
\(\sf \color{red}{3}\) hydrogen bonds between G and C

Answer 10

So
if we see \(\sf \color{red}{A}\) on one strand of DNA, its complementary base pair on antiparallel strand would be \(\sf \color{red}{T}\)
if we see \(\sf \color{red}{T}\) on one strand of DNA, its complementary base pair on antiparallel strand would be \(\sf \color{red}{A}\)
if we see \(\sf \color{red}{G}\) on one strand of DNA, its complementary base pair on antiparallel strand would be \(\sf \color{red}{C}\)
if we see \(\sf \color{red}{C}\) on one strand of DNA, its complementary base pair on antiparallel strand would be \(\sf \color{red}{G}\)

Answer 11

and so this is the end to overview of structure of DNA and RNA

Answer 12

\(\sf \huge \color{lightcoral}{-TO ~ BE ~ CONTINUED-}\)

Answer 13

Awesome :D

Answer 14

@jagr2713 thaanks! there is more to come! :3

Answer 15

i see :D

Answer 16

This is amazing work :D

Answer 17

thank you :) @pooja195

Answer 18

DAMN! u should be my bio teacher ..lol

Answer 19

@SyedMohammed98 still have much to learn for a teacher hehe :3 thanks!

Answer 20

lol ..Your'e Welcome :)

Answer 21

:DD

Answer 22

woohoo..:D

Answer 23

:) seen a lot of students stuck in this topic, hope it helps them :3

Answer 24

With your permission I just upload this little figure here. Might be it could help in your upcoming tutorial part 2.

Answer 25

oh, its breaking of the chain, right?

Answer 26

Yes, or an argument for the instability of RNA

Answer 27

god work!

Answer 28

I guess it would be a good ending to mRNA after translation, right?

Answer 29

have you submitted the tutorial to os?

Answer 30

thanks :)
ah not yet
im having troubles due to uni exams so once i finish the rest of 2 more parts, transcription separate and translating afterwards - i'll submit it

Answer 31

ok

Answer 32

i submitted already my history and math one

Answer 33

nice nice :))