Question

DNA Tutorial!!!

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - macromolecule that provides storage, transmission from generation to generation and implementation of the genetic program of development and functioning of living organisms. DNA contains information about the structure of various types of RNA and protein.
In eukaryotic cells (animals, plants and fungi) is the DNA in the cell nucleus as part of the chromosomes, as well as certain cell organelles (plastids and mitochondria). In prokaryotic organisms, cells, circular or linear DNA molecule, a so-called nucleoid is attached to the inside of the cell membrane. Here and lower eukaryotes there are also small autonomous, mostly circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Furthermore, single or double-stranded DNA molecules may form a DNA genome-containing virus.
From a chemical standpoint DNA - is a long polymer molecule consisting of repetitive units - nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group Saharan. Communication between nucleotides in the chain are formed by the deoxyribose and phosphate group. In most cases, the macromolecule DNA consists of two chains oriented nitrogen bases together. This double-stranded helical molecule. In general the structure of the DNA molecule is called "double helix."
DNA is found in four types of nitrogenous bases. Nitrogenous bases of one of the circuits connected to the nitrogen bases of another chain hydrogen bonds according to the principle of complementarity: adenine binds only with thymine, guanine - only with cytosine. The nucleotide sequence allows us to "encode" information about the different types of RNA, the most important of which are information, or matrix, ribosomal and transport. All these types of RNA synthesized from the DNA template for copying by the DNA sequence into a sequence of RNA synthesized in the process of transcription and involved in the biosynthesis of proteins (translation process). In addition to coding sequences, the DNA sequence comprises a cell operating on the structural and regulatory functions. Furthermore, in the genome of eukaryotes often found portions belonging "Genetic parasites", for example, transposons.
Deciphering the structure of DNA has become one of the turning points in the history of biology. For outstanding contribution to the discovery by Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 Rosalind Franklin, who received X-ray, without whom Watson and Crick would not have had the opportunity to draw conclusions about the structure of DNA, died in 1958 of cancer.
DNA polymer has a rather complex structure. Nucleotides are covalently interconnected into long polynucleotide chain. These circuits in most cases (except for some viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes) are combined in pairs by means of hydrogen bonds in the secondary structure, called a double helix. Each skeleton consists of chains of alternating sugar and phosphate. Inside one DNA strand adjacent nucleotides connected by phosphodiester linkages, which are formed by the interaction between the 3'-hydroxyl (3'-OH) group of the deoxyribose molecule and nukdeotida 5'-phosphate group (5'-PO3) of the other. Asymmetric ends of DNA chains are called 3 '(three approx) and 5' (five approx). Polarity chain plays an important role in DNA synthesis (chain lengthening is only possible by the connection of new nucleotides to a free 3'-end).
As already mentioned above, the vast majority of living organisms, DNA is composed of not one, but two polynucleotide chains. These two long chains are twisted around each other in a double helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between the converts to each other nitrogenous bases of its member circuits. In nature, this spiral, more often, pravozakruchennaya. Direction from the 3'-end to the 5'-end of the two circuits, of which DNA molecule comprises, opposite (chain "antiparallel" to each other).
The width of the double helix is ​​from 22 to 24, or 2.2 - 2.4 nm, the length of each oligonucleotide 3.3 (0.33 nm). Just as in a spiral staircase steps can be seen at the side on the double helix of DNA in between the phosphate backbone of the molecule can be seen bases ribs, rings which are located in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the macromolecule.
In the double helix distinguish small (12) and large (22) grooves. Proteins, such as transcription factors, which are attached to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA, usually interact with the edges of the bases in the major groove, where they are more

Answer 2

@Somy @sleepyjess @Destinymasha @TheSmartOne @bohotness @Abhisar @pooja195

Answer 3

wow so many tutorials :) good job

Answer 4

"who received X-ray, without whom Watson and Crick would not have had the opportunity to draw conclusions about the structure of DNA...." More like \(\textbf{stole}\) the results a late evening at the office.

\(\textbf{Fine tutorial}\) but I like to see some more advance structural nucleic acid biology soon!

Answer 5

Good job :)

Answer 6

@Godlovesme

Answer 7

@Somy

Answer 8

read, seems good, but some design wouldn't be bad to catch attention of the reader :) Essentially, some colors and good divisions would do.
Overall, good job :D

Answer 9

yeah i know

Answer 10

You done very well to provide an very good explanation of what you are trying to talk to the reader about.

Answer 11

Great tutorial. Can you tell me where you learned the information from? @AlexandervonHumboldt2

Answer 12

Useful information, but this is impractical without images.
That is why, Rosalind Franklin NEEDED the image to fully understand DNA and it's function.

If I didn't know what DNA was, I'd be totally lost, especially when you start talking about positions of hydroxyl groups, like 3'-OH, and phosphodiester linkages...

Answer 13

Wall of Text

Eyes Hurt

Paragraphs plz

But overall, gewd info!

Answer 14

Also I agree with @thadyoung

Pictures were needed