Question

PLEASE HELP WILL GIVE A MEDAL
A man named Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for his telephone invention in 1876. Today, many Americans carry a cell phone around with them. Define patent law and describe how patents encourage competition.

Answer 1

@madison.bush @TaigaA

Answer 2

Patent Law -that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents.

Answer 3

PLEASE HELP

Answer 4

@sikinder

Answer 5

thats the defitition of Patent law

Answer 6

thank you

Answer 7

can you describe how patents encourage competition?

Answer 8

@Mtapia112

Answer 9

@madison.bush @sikinder please help!

Answer 10

dude idk

Answer 11

okay :(

Answer 12

see this page-
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L1X8xn4e6AYC&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=describe+how+patents+encourage+competition.&source=bl&ots=OPiN7yXHnE&sig=vhjPakdP4y1RAKde8TjH359H9mE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UvoGVeOcE4qXuASR5oGgDQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%20patents%20law%20encourage%20competition.&f=false

Answer 13

We think of a battery today as a source of portable power, but it is no exaggeration to say that the battery is one of the most important inventions in the history of mankind. Volta's pile was at first a technical curiosity but this new electrochemical phenomenon very quickly opened the door to new branches of both physics and chemistry and a myriad of discoveries, inventions and applications. The electronics, computers and communications industries, power engineering and much of the chemical industry of today were founded on discoveries made possible by the battery.
Pioneers
It is often overlooked that throughout the nineteenth century, most of the electrical experimenters, inventors and engineers who made these advances possible had to make their own batteries before they could start their investigations. They did not have the benefit of cheap, off the shelf, mass produced batteries. For many years the telegraph, and later the telephone, industries were the only consumers of batteries in modest volumes and it wasn't until the twentieth century that new applications created the demand that made the battery a commodity item.
In recent years batteries have changed out of all recognition. No longer are they simple electrochemical cells. Today the cells are components in battery systems, incorporating electronics and software, power management and control systems, monitoring and protection circuits, communications interfaces and thermal management.

The Content - It's not just about batteries. Scroll down and see what treasures you can discover.

History of Technology from the Bronze Age to the Present Day

Circa 3000 B.C. At the end of the fourth millennium B.C. the World was starting to emerge from the Stone Age.
Around 2900 B.C., Mesopotamians (from modern day Iraq), who had already been active for hundreds of years in primitive metallurgy extracting metals such as copper from their ores, led the way into the Bronze Age when artisans in the cities of Ur and Babylon discovered the properties of bronze and began to use it in place of copper in the production of tools, weapons and armour. Bronze is a relatively hard alloy of copper and tin, better suited for the purpose than the much softer copper enabling improved durability of the weapons and the ability to hold a cutting edge. The use of bronze for tools and weapons gradually spread to the rest of the World until it was eventually superceded by the much harder iron.

Mesopotamia, incorporating Sumer, Babylonia and retriceria, known as the Cradle of Civilisation was loacated between the Tigris and Euphhrates rivers (The name means "land between the rivers") in the so called Fertile Crescent stretching from the current Gulf of Iran up to modern day Turkey. (See Map of Mesopotamia)

From around 3500 B.C. the Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia developed the World's first written language. Called Cuneiform Writing from the Latin "cuneus", meaning "wedge", it was developed as a vehicle for commercial accounting transactions and record keeping. The writing was in the form of a series of wedge-shaped signs pressed into soft clay by means of a reed stylus to create simple pictures, or pictograms, each representing an object. The clay subsequently hardened in the Sun or was baked to form permanent tablets. By 2800 B.C. the script progressively evolved to encompass more abstract concepts as well as phonetic functions (representing sounds, just like the modern Western alphabet) enabling the recording of messages and ideas. For the first time news and ideas could be carried to distant places without having to rely on a messenger's memory and integrity.
Hieroglyphic script evolved slightly later in Egypt. Though the script appeared on vases and stone carvings, many important Egyptian historical scripts and records were written in ink, made from carbon black (soot) or red ochre mixed with gelatin and gum, applied with a reed pen onto papyrus. Produced from the freshwater papyrus reed, the papyrus scrolls were fragile and susceptible to decay from both moisture and excessive dryness and many of them have thus been lost, whereas the more durable clay cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia have survived.

Historians seem to agree that the wheel and axle were invented around 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia. Pictograms on a tablet dating from about 3200 B.C. found in a temple at Erech in Mesopotamia show a chariot with solid wooden wheels. Evidence from Ur indicates that the simpler potter's wheel probably predates the use of the axled wheel for transport because of the difficulty in designing a reliable mechanism for mounting the rotating wheeel on a fixed hub or a rotating axle on the fixed load carrying platform.

Sumerian mathematics and science used a base 60 sexagesimal numeral system. 60 is divisible by 1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20,30 and 60 making it more convenient than using a base 10 decimal system when working with fractions. The Mesopotamians thus introduced the 60-minute hour, the sixty-second minute and the 360-degree circle with each angular degree consisting of 60 seconds. The calendar adopted by the Sumerians, Babylonians and retricerians was based 12 lunar months and seven-day weeks with 24-hour days. Since the average lunar month is 29.5 days, over 12 months this would produce a total of only 354 days as against a solar year of 365.25 days. To keep the calendar aligned to the seasons they added seven extra months in each period of 19 years, equivalent to the way we add an extra day in leap years. Despite decimalisation, we still use these sexagesimal measures today.

The Mesopotamians discovered glass, probably from glass beads in the slag resulting from experiments with refining metallic ores. They were also active in the development of many other technologies such as textile weaving, locks and canals, flood control, water storage and irrigation.
There are also claims that the Archimedes' Screw may have been invented in Mesopotamia and used for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

2500 B.C. Sometimes known as the "Second oldest profession", soldering has been known since the Bronze Age (Circa 3000 to 1100 B.C.). A form of soldering to join sheets of gold was known to be used by the Mesopotanians in Ur. Fine metal working techniques were also developed in Egypt where filigree jewellery and cloisonné work found in Tutankhamun's tomb dating from 1327 B.C. was made from delicate wires which had been drawn through dies and then soldered in place.

Egypt was also home to Imhotep the first man of science in recorded history. He was the world's first named architect and administrator who around 2725 B.C. built the first pyramid ever constructed, the Stepped Pyramid of Saqqara. Papyri were unearthed in the nineteenth century dating from around 1600 B.C. and 1534 B.C. both of which refer to earlier works attributed to Imhotep. The first outlines surgical treatments for various wounds and diseases and the second contains 877 prescriptions and recipes for treating a variety of medical conditions making Imhotep the world's first recorded physician. Other contemporary papyri described Egyptian mathematics. Egyptian teachings provided the foundation of Greek science and although Imhotep's teachings were known to the Greeks, 2200 years after his death, they assigned the honour of Father of Medicine to Hippocrates.

2300 B.C. The earliest evidence of the art of stenciling used by the Egyptians. Designs were cut into a sheet of papyrus and pigments were applied through the apertures with a brush. The technique was reputed to have been in use in China around the same time but no artifacts remain.

2100-1600 B.C. The Xia dynasty in China perfected the casting of bronze for the production of weapons and ritual wine and food vessels, reaching new heights during the Shang dynasty (1600-1050 B.C.).

Circa 2000 B.C. The process for making wrought iron was discovered by the Hittites, in Northern Mesopotamia and Southern Anatolia (now part of Eastern Turkey), who heated iron ore in a charcoal fire and hammered the results into wrought (worked) iron. See more about wrought iron

1300 B.C. Fine wire also made by the Egyptians by beating gold sheet and cutting it into strips. Recorded in the Bible, Book of Exodus, Chapter 39, Verse 3, - "And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires, to work it. in the fine linen, with cunning work."
The Egyptians also made coarse glass fibres as early as 1600 B.C. and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C.

1280 B.C. Around this date, after his escape from Egypt, Moses ordered the construction of the Ark of the Covenant to house the tablets of stone on which were written the original "Ten Commandments". Its construction is described in great detail in the book of Exodus and according to the Bible and Jewish legend it was endowed with miraculous powers including emitting sparks and fire and striking dead Aaron's sons and others who touched it. It was basically a wooden box of acacia wood lined with gold and also overlaid on the outside with gold. The lid was decorated with two "cherubim" with outstretched wings. In 1915 Nikola Tesla, in an essay entitled "The Fairy Tale of Electricity" promoting the appreciation of electrical developments, proposed what seemed a plausible explanation for some of the magical powers of the Ark. He claimed that the gold sheaths separated by the dry acacia wood effectively formed a large capacitor on which a static electrical charge could be built up by friction from the curtains around the Ark and this accounted for the sparks and the electrocution of Aaron's sons.

Recent calculations have shown however that the capacitance of the box would be in the order of 200 pico farads and such a capacitor would need to be charged to 100,000 volts to store even 1 joule of electrical energy, not nearly enough to cause electrocution. It seems Tesla's explanation was appropriately named.

800 B.C. The magnetic properties of the naturally occurring lodestone were first mentioned in Greek texts. Also called magnetite, lodestone is a magnetic oxide of iron (Fe3O4) which was mined in the province of Magnesia in Thessaly from where the magnet gets its name. Lodestone was also known in China at that time where it was known as "love stone" and is in fact quite common throughout the world.
Surprisingly although they were aware of its magnetic properties, neither the Greeks nor the Romans seem to have discovered its directive property.

Eight hundred years later in 77 A.D., the somewhat unscientific Roman chronicler of science Pliny the Elder, completed his celebrated series of books entitled "Natural History". In it, he attributed the name "magnet" to the supposed discoverer of lodestone, the shepherd Magnes, "the nails of whose shoes and the tip of whose staff stuck fast in a magnetic field while he pastured his flocks". Thus another myth was born. Pliny was killed during the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius near Pompeii in A.D. 79 but his "Natural History" lived on as an authority on scientific matters up to the Middle Ages.

Answer 14

I'm not sure if that will help but i hope it does..