Question

What is Smith v. State of Texas (1941), and how was this amendment upheld?

Will give you a medal and being your fan if you help me!

Answer 1

The African American defendant was a former slave. He was charged with murder and was convicted by an all-white jury. Though slavery had been declared unconstitutional about 15 years earlier, African Americans were not allowed to serve on juries. Believing his conviction to be unjust, he appealed his case to the Supreme Court.

In Strauder v. West Virginia, the Court ruled that excluding people from juries on the basis of race violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment “ordains that no State shall…deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. What is this but declaring that the law in the States shall be the same for the black as for the white; that all persons, whether colored or white, shall stand equal before the laws of the States…?” The Court held that excluding jurors on the basis of race violated the defendant’s right to a fair trial. The Court reasoned that a fair trial was impossible if the accused were tried by a jury from which people of his own ethnicity had been barred.

Significantly, the Court did not rule that racial discrimination was a violation of the potential jurors’ rights; it also did not hold that defendants have a right to a jury composed of persons of their own race/ethnicity.

The Court heard a similar case about racial discrimination almost a century later. This case, Smith v. State of Texas, concerned discrimination in grand juries. In this case, grand jury service was open to all races by law. Closer inspection, however, revealed that African Americans were rarely called to serve though they made up 20% of the eligible population. When African Americans’ names did appear lists of potential jurors, they were almost always near the end of the list (so they almost never actually served.)

The Court held that African Americans had been “intentionally and systematically excluded.” The Court overturned the conviction of an African American man, saying that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits racial discrimination in the selection of grand juries. Further, “it is part of the established tradition in the use of juries as instruments of public justice that the jury be a body truly representative of the community.” The Court also argued that racial discrimination in jury selection is “at war with our basic concepts of a democratic society and a representative government.”

Try these links on similar topic.
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=311&invol=128
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/100/303
Lots of reading, but sometimes worth it, no?