Question

How do large companies usually get capital for major investments, such as new factories and other worksites?

Answer 1

They first go to venture capitalists to get an initial investment and if they are credit-worthy they can borrow from a bank. Later they can sell stock on the market or sell bonds.

Answer 2

When you say large companies they are usually established companies so they can use internally generated cash such as Apple or they can sell stock or bonds to the investing public. If it is a building then they can have an investor build it and then the company can sign a long term lease.