Question

Thermodynamics basics Tutorial 1.1

Answer 1

\(\Huge\color{red}{Thermodynamics} \)
It deals with energy exchange b/w system & surrounding. It predicts the feasibility or spontaneity of a process or a reaction.
It relates energy in different physical or chemical process.

\(\Large\color{blue}{Limitations~of~Thermodynamics} \)
1) It relates the only macroscopic property of system.
It cannot be applied on atomic or molecular level
2) It never tells about time involved in the process.

\(\Large\color{blue}{Some~Important~terms } \)
System=> It is part of universe under investigation
Surrounding=> rest part of universe.
Universe=System+Surrounding

\(\Large\color{blue}{Type~of~System} \)
1)Open system=> which exchanges mass as well as energy with the surrounding.
Eg=> a cup of tea, boiler, human body, any living thing, earth, etc
2)closed system=> which exchanges energy but not mass with surrounding.
example=> Electrochemical cell, liquid cooling system of an automobile
3) Isolated system=> Which does not exchange energy as well as mass with the system. Eg=>Thermoflask, Universe,etc
It is impossible to create a perfectly isolated system but a system insulated can be considered as isolated.

Answer 2

\(\Large\color{blue}{State} \)
When all the macroscopic properties of a system have some fixed values, the system is called in particular state.
\(\Large\color{blue}{Thermodynamic~properties} \)
The physical quantities used to define the states of system are called Thermodynamic Properties.
Eg=> Pressure, Volume, Temperature, etc are properties of a gaseous system.

Answer 3

\(\Large\color{red}{**Type~of~properties} \)

* Those property independent to the quantity of a system are called \(\Large\color{blue}{Intensive~property} \)
Example=> Pressure, Temperature, Molar mass, Specific Volume (Volume/Mass), Molar Internal Energy, molar enthalpy, specific resistance, molar conductivity, equivalent conductivity, All concentration terms( molality, normality, formality, %by mass,% by volume,%by strength,ppm,volume strength of H2O2, %Labelling of Oleum), Emf of cell, specific heat capacity, molar heat capacity, refractive index, surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, vanderwaal gas constant, coefficient of friction, Di electric constant, Permitivity, Vapour Pressure, Conductivity, Resistivity.


\(\Large\color{blue}{Extensive Property} \)
Those properties depending on quantity of system called Extensive Property
example=> mass, volume, mole, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Gibbs Free Energy, Resistance, Conductance, Heat capacity, Helm-Holmes free Energy.

Answer 4

\(\large\color{blue}{if~you~do~not~understand~extensive~and~intensive} \)
\(\large\color{blue}{leave~it ~for~now,~focus~other~topics} \)

Answer 5

Further the variation of thermodynamic property is categorized into 2 categories=>
1) State function=> depends on only initial & final state of function no matter what path followed during process.
Eg> Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Temperature
2)Path Function=> depends on path of the process
Example> work done, Heat.

Thermodynamic process are categorised into 2 categories on basis of direction of change=>
1)irreversible
2)reversible

Answer 6

\(\Large\color{red}{Thermodynamic~Processes} \)

Isochoric process
\[V=constant\]
Isobaric process
\[ P=constant\]
Adiabatic process \[\Delta q=0\]
Isothermal process,
\[T=constant\]

Answer 7

\(\Large\color{red}{Entropy} \)
One of the most important things to remember about thermodynamics is that low energy states are more stable than higher states.
Fundamentally the universe prefers low energy states, it tends towards disorder.
When we talk about disorder, we use entropy. Everything tends towards maximum entropy.
When we talk about difference of entropy of products and entropy of reactants, we use
ΔS. If ΔS is negative, the reaction has lost entropy; the products are more orderly then the reactants.
If ΔS is positive, the reaction has gained entropy; the products are less orderly than the reactants.